Answer:
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is a very high molecular weight mitochondrial multienzyme complex.It includes three types of enzymes that need the participation of five coenzymes to develop their activity, three of them catalytic cofactors (TPP, lipoamide, FAD) and two stoichiometric (NAD and CoA). Two enzymes involved in regulating its activity are also part of the enzyme complex.
Explanation:
PDH is a multienzyme complex formed by multiple copies of three catalytic proteins (E1, E2 and E3) and other structural and regulatory (phosphatase, kinase). It requires, in turn, different coenzymes (thiamine, lipoic acid) for its proper functioning. Given its enormous importance at a key point in energy production, it is highly regulated. E1 depends on thiamine pyrophosphate and catalyzes 2 stages: 1) decarboxylation of pyruvate, forming a hydroxyethyl-thiamine-diphosphate intermediate; 2) reductive acetylation of the lipoyl group, covalently linked (amide) to E2. E2 catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group to CoA (3). E3 regenerates the oxidized lipoyl, transferring its electrons first to FAD and then to NAD.
3. Your family is planning a picnic for the weekend. Would you want predictions of weather
or climate? Explain your answer.
In fruit flies, curved wings are recessive to straight wings, and ebony body is recessive to gray body. A cross was made between flies (all true-breeding) with curved wings and gray bodies to flies with straight wings and ebony bodies. The F1 offspring were then testcrossed to produce an F2 generation. The following data were obtained: F2 generation: -104 curved wings, ebony body -106 curved wings, gray body -98 straight wings, gray body -92 straight wings, ebony body With a null hypothesis based on independent assortment, what are the expected values for each class of flies (400 total flies)
To know if two genes are linked or assort independently, a testcross can be performed. If the progeny distribution differes from the expected ratio, they are linked. Extected numbers: -100 curved wings, ebony body -100 curved wings, gray body -100 straight wings, gray body -100 straight wings, ebony body.
How are independent and linked genes transmitted?
Independent assortment law establishes that the alleles from two or more different genes distribute independently from each other in gametes.
Each gamete receives an allele from a gene that does not depend on nor influence another gene's allele in the same gamete. This event only occurs in independent genes. These genes segregate independently after crossing over because they are far away from each other.
Some other genes, however, are too close to each other, and they do not segregate independently. These are the linked genes. They do not exhibit an independent distribution, and they are inherited together more frequently.
To know if two genes are linked, we must observe the progeny distribution.
If heterozygous individuals, whos genes assort independently, are test crossed, they produce a progeny with equal phenotypic frequencies 1:1:1:1. If we observe a different distribution, that is that phenotypes appear in different proportions, we can assume that genes are linked in the double heterozygote parent.In the exposed example,
curved wings (s) are recessive to straight wings (S), ebony body (g) is recessive to gray body (G).1st Cross: flies with curved wings and gray bodies to flies with straight wings and ebony bodies.
Parentals) ss GG x SS gg
F1) 100% Ss Gg
2nd cross: F1 individuals testcrossed
Parentals) Ss Gg x ss gg
F2)
104 curved wings, ebony body ⇒ ss gg106 curved wings, gray body ⇒ ss G-98 straight wings, gray body ⇒ S- G-92 straight wings, ebony body ⇒ S- ggTotal number of individuals: 400
Hypothesis: Both genes assort independently from each other.
We need to give the expected values. As said before, the expected ratio is 1:1:1:1 ⇒ 4/16 Ss Gg : 4/16 Ss gg : 4/16 ss Gg : 4/16 ss gg
16 possible genotypes --------------- 400 individuals
4 Ss Gg ----------------------------------- X = 100 individuals
4 Ss gg ----------------------------------- X = 100 individuals
4 ss Gg ----------------------------------- X = 100 individuals
4 ss gg ----------------------------------- X = 100 individuals
The expected numbers are
100 flies with curved wings, ebony body, ss gg100 flies with curved wings, gray body, ss Gg100 flies with straight wings, gray body, Ss Gg 100 flies with straight wings, ebony body, Ss ggYou can learn more about linked genes at
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When you get cut, your skin cells release hormones that signal platelets to come
and stop the bleeding. Platelets then release more hormones that signal even
more platelets to help stop bleeding. The hormone signals continue until the cut
is closed.
Answer:
This is an example of positive feedback response
Explanation:
Positive Feedback Response in Biology is said to be a phenomenon that occurs when the product or the output of an event or that of a reaction changes the response of an organism to that reaction. Positive feedback response can also happen so as to increase the change or output, then the result of the reaction gets amplified and thus leading to it occuring more rapidly.
An example of positive feedback response is the one from which this question was asked. Another is uterine contractions that takes place childbirth. The hormone oxytocin, created by the endocrine system, goes on to stimulate the contraction of the uterus.
Drag each label to correct location on the image
When a honey bee stings
Answer:
see explanation
Explanation:
please l can't see the image ♂️
Differentiate between weather and climate
Answer:
The term "weather" means the state of the atmosphere in a shorter period of time, while the term "climate" refers to how the atmosphere behaves in the long run.
Explanation:
When we talk about climate change, we are talking about long-term change.
"tTme" describes the way in which the atmosphere "behaves", which primarily means the effects that this "behavior" has on life. The biggest difference between climate and weather is that the term "weather" refers to extremely short-term changes in the atmosphere - so short that they are measured in minutes and months.
How many muscle types do mollusca have?
Answer:
Mollusca is one of the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, with at least 50,000 living species (and more likely around 200,000). It includes such familiar organisms as snails, octopuses, squid, clams, scallops, oysters, and chitons.
Explanation:
Answer:
i beleive they have 5 in total
Where does warm water accumulate in the Pacific Ocean during El Niño
Answer:
east
Explanation:
LOTS OF POINTS!?!?!The amount of CO2 coming out of volcanoes is less than Type Here% of what goes into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels.
FILL IN THE TYPE HERE PART!?!?!?!
Why is the Pericycle absent in the roots and stems of some hydrophytes?
Answer:Essay on Hydrophyte | Plants
Article Shared by
The below mentioned article provides an essay on hydrophyte.
Hydrophyte embraces all the different and varying plant forms that adapted to live under direct influence of free water or in waterlogged soil, e.g. a small number of ferns and angiosperm. Gymnosperms have not migrated into aquatic habitats.
Hydrophytes, also called hydrophytic plants, are classified according to forms:
Submergent, Floating and Emergent. Submergent hydrophytes grow and remain entirely submerged below the surface of water throughout life. Floating hydrophytes have leaves or shoots that float on top of water surface. Emergent hydrophytes have roots anchored to hydric soil, but a portion of shoot lies above water surface.
The different form of hydrophyte exhibits the following characteristics that help them to survive in water and waterlogged soil:
i. Increase in leaf surface that helps plants for floatation.
ii. The presence of air chambers that assist in buoyancy of the plant.
iii. Stomata, if present, nonfunctional because the plants need not regulate transpiration due to abundance of water in their environment.
iv. Reduction of xylem because the hydrophytes need not conserve water.
v. Reduction in mechanical and protective tissue as water pressure supports them.
vi. Hydrophytes have thin cuticle or lack it. Because the functions of cuticle like protection from strong sunlight, conservation of water and deterrence of insects are not required by hydrophytes. They are protected from excess sunlight by surrounding water; no question arises for water conservation as they have abundant free water in their environment; the hydrophytic angiosperms suffer little predation by aquatic animals.
Due to the thinness of cuticle the leaves absorb nutrients from the water directly. But the major bulk of minerals are absorbed by roots and transported to the leaves. As there is no transpiration pull like land plants the transportation of minerals occur through root pressure. Hydathodes are very common in the leaf tips of many submerged hydrophytes. Transportation of water occurs as a bleeding stream ending in hydathodes. The opening of hydathodes may be large.
vii. Stomata when present may be many in number and occur on upper surface of floating leaves (epistomatous).
viii. Roots are small and reduced in all respects as water can diffuse directly into leaves.
ix. Formation of special roots and these are negatively geotropic and designed to function in gas exchange. Such roots are termed as pneumatophore and present in halophytes.
x. Hydric soils have diluted oxygen and minerals and the hydrophytes adapted to absorb nutrients directly from water.
xi. The piliferous layer scarcely has (or no) root hairs. Root hairs are entirely absent from Ceratophyllum.
xii. The piliferous layer is not cutinized/suberized and so absorptive in function. Moreover the turgid piliferous zone provides mechanical strength, as mechanical cells are absent in hydrophytic roots.
xiii. The cortex of root is wide and provided with air cavities.
xiv. Xylem of root and stem is poorly developed and has thin walls. Vessels are absent in many hydrophytes. In the root of Potamogeton (Fig. 29.9A) the vascular tract in the centre is occupied by a large xylem cavity. The reduction in xylem is due to the fact that in hydrophytes no elaborate system of water absorption is required as all the epidermises of plant body are capable of water and mineral absorption.
xv. The stem of submerged hydrophytes is very weak and flexible. It moves according to the direction of flow of water currents.
xvi. The epidermis in the stem of submerged hydrophytes is uniseriate. It is not cuticularized and in some cases the cells have cellulose walls only. As a result the epidermal cells can absorb mineral salts and gases dissolved in water directly.
xvii. The cortex is wide and has large air chambers. The air chambers may be arranged symmetrically e.g. Myriophyllum (Fig. 29.9B) or scattered irregularly all over the cortex, e.g. Elodea, Hydrilla, Hippuris etc.
xviii. The cells of cortex have low osmotic pressure. The cells contain chloroplastids that help in photosynthesis.
xix. The vascular tissues in stem of submerged hydrophytes are not well developed. Endodermis and pericycle are indistinct. The vascular tissues are mostly composed of phloem.
Hydrophyte
xx. Though the endodermis is not distinct many hydrophytic angiosperms have the innermost layer of cortex that functions as endodermis. This endodermoid layer is present in submerged roots, stems and leaves. It is assumed that this layer is involved in channelizing the flow of water through reduced xylem.
Explanation:
Hydrophytes are aquatic plants that are especially suited for living in aquatic environments.
What are hydrophytes?In order to survive, a hydrophyte, also known as an aquatic macrophyte, must either be completely submerged in water, or in some cases be allowed to float on the surface of the water.
Aquatic plants can usually be categorized into 4 main type: floating plants, deep water plants, marginal plants and oxygenating plants. For a more in-depth description of the various types, please see our page on plants for ponds.
The pericycle is a cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants.
Therefore, Hydrophytes are aquatic plants that are especially suited for living in aquatic environments.
To learn more about hydrophytes, refer to the link:
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producing atp without oxygen in minimal amounts
is what?
helpppp plzzzzzzz
AnsweLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Explanation:
Answer:
Glycolysis
Explanation:
Glycolysis needs little to no oxygen to work, its an anaerobic process
Which option describes the statement Jodie would most likely support in the following scenario?
Jodie prefers cage-free eggs because they are better for both animals and people, and she wants to support organizations that practice that type of farming.
Consumers should buy cage-free eggs for health reasons.
Companies should do more to safeguard the welfare of animals.
Animals should have the right to be free from confinement in cages.
People should buy from companies with an interest in animal welfare.
Answer:
The correct answer would be - People should buy from companies with an interest in animal welfare.
Explanation:
Jodie likes and prefer the use of cage free egg due to the fact in this process both people and animals both are equally considered and treat the animals correctly. In cageed- egg production hen or other animals are put in the cages in high number where they become suffocated, injured thier wings and body parts gets injuries.
All these make them angree and increase their hormone level which is not good for the egg and for the people consume them. Therefore, Jodie supports that people should buy eggs and products that are work with an intrest in animal welfare.
Answer:
People should buy from companies with an interest in animal welfare.
Explanation:
ED2022
According to Dr. Temple Grandin, which of the following most causes abuse and neglect in animal operations?
ignorance of animals’ stress response
fear of animals’ aggression under stress
apathy toward the complex needs of animals
expense of providing a non-neglectful environment
Answer:
Ignorance of animals’ stress response
Explanation:
Dr. Temple Grandin who is a researcher on the various animal stress and how to ensure that animals are taken care of published an article on what animals passed through daily during animal operations.
According to him, the most common cause of abuse and neglect in animal operations happens to be ignorance of the people about animal stress response.
To him, most farmers don't pay attention to the stress animals passes through neither do they respond adequately to those stress when found.
Answer:
ignorance of animals’ stress response
Explanation:
The average animal cell generally spends about 24 hours completing a cell cycle (18-20 hours of that being in interphase). The fastest dividing animal cell completes a cell cycle in about 9-10 hours. What would be some reasons for more rapid cell division
Answer:
The lack of Mad1 protein can cause faster cell division.
Explanation:
The Mad1 protein is responsible for regulating the fixation of chromosomes in spindle microtubules, during cell division. With the presence of this protein, anaphase is prevented from starting while the spindle, where the chromosomes attach, is formed.
Without this protein, this check is not done and cell division occurs faster, which is one of the reasons why cell division can be accelerated.
The cell cycle is the division of cells and the replication of the genetic material. The cell cycle requires 24 hours to complete the cell cycle, whereas some animals complete the cell cycle in 9-10 hours due to a lack of Mad1 proteins.
The correct answer is:
Lack of Mad1 proteins.
The function of Mad1 proteins are:
Mad 1 proteins regulate the attachment of chromosomes to the spindle microtubules. The proteins halt the cell cycle in the anaphase until the spindle apparatus is formed.The lack of protein in the other organisms causes rapid cell division. The protein is a checkpoint and arrests the cell cycle in anaphase, however, the lack of these proteins will cause a faster cell cycle.
Therefore, lack of Mad1 proteins will result in a faster division, because no checkpoint will be available in the anaphase of the cell cycle.
To know more about the cell cycle, refer to the following link:
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Energy conversion in which sunlight, water and carbon dioxide is converted into oxygen
and glucose.
Answer:
Photosynthesis
Explanation:
In the above diagram as the price for computer monitors decreases, the demand
A-stops
B-decreases
C-stays the same
D- increase
PLZ HELP I GIVE BRAINLIEST AND LIKE DUE PLZ PLZ
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Increase
9. Because the sun heats sections of the Earth more or less, and hot
and cold air wants to move in certain directions, this causes
air currents, or
Answer:
This shows the interaction between the earth and sun.
Explanation:
There is a variation in the amount of heat that reaches the different latitudes as the interaction between the sun and earth which firms different angles of incidence on the surface. The rays of the sun are more concentrated in mid latitudes that is the tropics and are slanting towards the poles this due the tilt in axis of earth. This variation lads the warm air to rise and reach the poles and similar the cold polar air reaches the tropics and develops a cycle of convective cells. This leads to a latitudinal balance in temperatures.(PLEASE HURRY)Strong winds blow sand to a new location, and some of the sand forms a sand dune. The first plant species to live in the new habitat of the sand dune is a type of grass. This grass stabilizes the sand dune. Over time, the sand dune grows larger and soil forms on the surface. As these changes occur, different plant species become dominant.
Why doesn't the original grass remain the dominant plant on the sand dune?
A.
The grass cannot reproduce fast enough to cover all of the growing dune.
B.
New plants are better suited to the new conditions in the sand dune habitat.
C.
The grass moves to new sand dunes to start the succession process again.
D.
New animals come to the new sand dune habitat and eat the grass.
If you want to be absolutely certain that you will find the solution to the problem you know is solvable, you should use
O algorithm
O heuristic
O trial and error
O insight
Describe the relationship between DNA,
chromoSomes, and genes, on edge2020 help please
Answer: Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body.
Explanation: Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person's genes. Genes are contained in chromosomes, which are in the cell nucleus.
A green Katydid looks very much like a green leaf.
If the katydid above has ten offspring, why might it be advantageous for some to be green,
some yellow, and others brown?
Answer:
In North American Katydids, Green isn’t the Dominant Colour, Pink is
Recent breeding experiments have revealed that bright pink, not green, could be the most genetically dominant colouring of the North American oblong-winged katydid.
Explanation:
Answer:
C. Katydids of different colors might be able to survive in changing environments.
Explanation:
Select the best answers from the drop-down menus.
regulate organ function.
control voluntary muscle movements.
control involuntary muscle movements.
Answer:
voluntary muscle movements
Answer: general visceral nerves
Somatic nerves
Special visceral nerves
Explanation:
how is the cell able to make the many different proteins it needs? In your answer, be sure to: identify where in the cell the information necessary to make a particular protein is located and the specific molecule that contains this information AND identify both the cellular structure that makes these proteins and the kinds of molecules that are used as the building blocks of the protein
Answer:
Explanation:
Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell.
what are three possible reasons the iguanas are disappearing in the Galapapagos islands
Answer:
Explanation:
Their habitats are possibly being destroyed, iguanas are possibly being a food item to people, or their reproduction rates/eggs not hatching.
How are respiratory illnesses primarily spread?
coughing and sneezing
contact with contaminated food
drinking contaminated water
bites from infected organisms
Answer:
coughing and sneezing
Answer:
How are respiratory illnesses primarily spread "by droplets that comes from coughing and sneezing".
Explanation:
Hope you have a wonderful Merry Christmas and Happy New Years .
I have a question for you to answer!! but first here's a Harry Potter joke ---->
Ginny Weasley
Books: Total badass, extremely confident etc.
Movies: Ties Harrys shoelaces
here's the question!
A fish has armored plates that enable it to handle the extreme pressure in the deepest, darkest aquatic ecosystem.
Where is this fish adapted to live?
o a pond
o the open ocean
o the neritic zone
o an estuary
thanks!
Answer:
um prob the ocean....t f is gonna happen in a pond?
Explanation:
Answer:
the open ocean
Explanation:
i took the test
CAN SOMEONE PLEASEEEE HELP ME WITH THIS SCIENCE QUESTION I WILL MARK YOU BRAINLIEST !!!
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
They don't have a habitat anymore! Because it was destroyed!!
Brainliest Please!!?!! I need it bad.
- ElizabethKate
which of the following structures help guide the articulating bones?
A) Articular cartilage
B) menisci
C) Bursae
D) Ligaments
Answer:
I think the answer is c
Explanation:
Match the characteristics below to either gymnosperms or angiosperms.
____________nonflowering
_____________exposed seeds
____________garden flowers and tomatoes
______________seeds enclosed in fruit
______________pine or fir trees
______________flowering
*Choose from either Gymnosperms or Angiosperms*
Answer:
Gymnosperms:-
non-flowering, exposed seeds, pine, or fir fruit.
Angiosperms:-
flowering, seeds enclosed in fruit, garden flowers, and tomatoes
Explanation:
Gymnosperm
Nonflowering and exposed seed
Gymnosperms are the group of plants that do not possess or produce the egg in the enclosed seed which makes there seed naked or exposed
Pine or fir trees
Fir and pine are trees, and more specifically conifers, which belong to the family Pinaceae. of the gymnosperm
Angiosperms
Garden flowers and tomatoes
Tomato plants and garden flowers are the plants that belong to flowering plants or angiosperms.
Seeds enclosed in fruit
In angiosperms, there is a closed ovary that enclosed the egg to protect it. After fertilization ovary turns into a fruit.
Flowering
Angiosperms are the plants that also known as the flowering plant that means these plants are able to produce flowers that are sexual organs of the plant and help in reproduction.
HURRY I NEED HELP QUICKLY. As part of an adventure challenge, you find yourself dropped into a unknown place. There are birds and wolves. The air is cold, and the ground is very hard. What biome have you landed in? Explain.
Answer:
You have landed in a tundra.
Explanation:
Birds as in penguins
Wolves as in Arctic wolves/foxes
The ground is hard because it is frozen
The air is cold
Crossing two yellow mice results in 2/3 yellow offspring and 1/3 nonyellow offspring. What percentage of offspring would you expect to be nonyellow if you crossed two nonyellow mice?
a. 25%
b. 100%
c. 50%
d. 33%
Answer:
100%
Explanation:
Non-yellow mice in this situation seem to have both recessive genes for this trait.
Crossing these two mice with both recessive genes for non-yellow will result in 100% non-yellow offspring.