Answer:
A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms. ... Carbon atoms can also form double bonds in compounds called alkenes or triple bonds in compounds called alkynes. A double bond is formed with an sp2-hybridized orbital and a p-orbital that is not involved in the hybridization.
Explanation:
How many molecules are contained in 55.0g of co2??
Answer: 7.52*10^23 molecules.
Explanation: This is a classic Stoichiometry problem.
In one mole of any substance, there are 6.02*10^23 molecules. This number is called Avogadro's number. We are given 55 grams of Co2 so to convert that to moles, we divided by the molar mass of Co2. We find the molar mass by adding the molar masses of the elements that make up the compound.
There is one molecule of Carbon and two molecules of Oxygen in one molecule of Co2. From the periodic table, the molar mass of Carbon is 12.01 and 16.00 for Oxygen. 1(12.01)+2(16.00) gives us the molar mass. We then divided 55 grams by that mass to find the number of moles. We then multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number (6.02*10^23) to find the total number of molecules.
You can use this method for solving any problem that asks you to find the number of atoms or molecules of some number of grams of a substance.
At a pH of 7.40, what is the ratio of the molar concentrations of H2PO4- to H3PO4? What is the ratio of CO3 2- to HCO3-?
The ratio of the molar concentrations of H2PO₄⁻ to H3PO₄ is 0.09
The ratio of the molar concentrations of at a pH of 7.40, CO₃²⁻ to HCO₃⁻ is 1:1.
Molar concentration – what is it?The number of moles of a solute per liter of solution is referred to as molar concentration or molarity.
When the reaction's balanced equation is
H₂CO₃(aq) → HCO₃ -(aq) + (H⁺)
Ka = 4.3 x10⁻⁷ and PH = 7.4
To get PKa = -㏒ Ka
PKa = -㏒(4.3x10⁻⁷) = 6.37 by changing the Pka value in the formula below:
PH = Pka + ㏒[salt/acid]
PH= PKa + ㏒[HCO3-]/[H2CO3]
㏒[HCO⁻₃]/[H₂CO₃] = PH-Pka
[HCO₃⁻] /[H₂CO₃] = 10^(7.4 - 6.37)
∴[HCO₃⁻]/[H₂CO₃] = 11.7
∴[H₂CO₃]/[HCO₃⁻] = 1/11.7 = 0.09
This is due to the fact that the two ions are in equilibrium at a pH of 7.40, which means that for every HCO₃ molecule produced, there is also one molecule of CO₃²⁻ produced. This is as a result of the following response:
CO₂(carbon dioxide) + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ HCO₃⁻ + H⁺ ⇌ CO₃²⁻ + 2H⁺
The reaction is in equilibrium at a pH of 7.40. In light of this, the molar ratio of CO₃²⁻ to HCO₃ is 1:1.
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Choose all the right answers. Select three options.
The structures common to all protozoa are:
chloroplast
cytoplasm
cell membrane
cilia
cell wall
nucleus
Which of the following would be expected to have sp2 hybridization on atom A? O I and IV O II O I and III O I, II, and III
I,II and III would be expected have sp2 hybridization on atom A . So the correct option is -I, II and III
sp2 hybridization is a type of chemical bonding in which an atom's three orbitals (one s-orbital and two p-orbitals) mix together to form three hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are oriented in a trigonal planar arrangement, and each one is directed at an angle of 120 degrees from the other two. In sp2 hybridization, one of the p-orbital remains un-hybridized, meaning that it does not participate in bonding. The unhybridized p-orbital can hold a lone pair of electrons, which gives the molecule its characteristic shape and reactivity.
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the complete question is :
Which of the following would be expected to have sp2 hybridization on atom A? O I and IV O II O I and III O I, II, and III
Which of the following choices is an example of adaptive radiation?
The ancestor species of the honeycreepers was blown over to the Hawaiian Islands from North America or Asia during a storm. As populations gradually underwent natural selection, each isolated population became a different species.
Dog breeders crossed Labradors and poodles, creating labradoodles. As this new breed became more popular, dog breeders worldwide began to experiment with crossbreeds.
Farmers cross-breed fruits until they create heartier, more drought-resistant varieties.
All of these choices are correct.
The following choices which is an example of adaptive radiation is the ancestor species of the honeycreepers was blown over to the Hawaiian Islands from North America or Asia during a storm and populations gradually underwent natural selection, each isolated population became a different species which is denoted as option C.
What is Adaptive radiation?This is referred to as an evolutionary process that produces new species from a single, rapidly diversifying lineage.
It occurs as a result of factors such as natural selection such as in the case of honeycreepers who underwent it and each isolated population becoming a different species.
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Fill in the equilibrium table for the reaction of H2(g) and N29) to form NH3(g) Initial Conditions: A1.0-L vessel is charged with 2.0 mol H,(g) and 1.0 mol N,(g) at 100°C +3x 2.0-3x 2.0-X 2.0 + 2x 2.0+3X
1.0+2x 1.0 2.0+2x + x - 2x - 3x 1.0-2x 2.0 +x 1.0-X 2.0- 2x 1.0+3x Concentration (M) 3H2(g)+ Initial Change Equilibrium 2NH3(g) ?
The concentration of 2NH₃ is zero and initial change in equilibrium for 2NH₃ is 2x.
How can you alter a reaction's equilibrium?By introducing or removing one or more reactants or products, a chemical system that is in equilibrium can be momentarily shifted out of equilibrium. To bring the system back to equilibrium, more adjustments are made to the reactant and product concentrations.
Initial:
The reactants' initial concentrations are 2.0 mol H₂ and 1.0 mol N₂. The concentration of the product 2NH₃ is initially 0.
Change:
Let's use the variable "x" to represent the change in concentration.
The reactant's concentration decreases over time by a factor of x. Put any coefficients you have in front of the variable x as -3x for 3H₂ and -x for N₂ if you have any (such as 3H₂). Since 2 moles of NH₃ are produced on the product side, its concentration will change by +2x.
Equilibrium:
Equilibrium = Initial + change
For 3H₂ = 2.0 [initial] + (-3x) [change] = 2.0 - 3x
For N₂ = 1.0 + (-x) = 1.0 - x
For 2NH₃ = 0 + 2x = 2x
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why are the spontaneous processes shown sometimes said to be "downhill" in free energy?
Spontaneous processes are often said to be "downhill" in free energy because they release energy in the form of heat and/or work.
The energy released during a spontaneous process is represented by a decrease in the free energy (ΔG) of the system. Free energy is a thermodynamic function that takes into account both the internal energy (U) and the entropy (S) of a system. A spontaneous process occurs when the free energy of the system decreases, which means that the internal energy of the system decreases and/or the entropy of the system increases. The free energy of a system is also related to the potential energy of the system. The potential energy of a system is the energy it possesses as a result of its position or configuration. When a system undergoes a spontaneous process, the potential energy of the system decreases, just like the free energy. Imagine a ball placed on a hilltop, the ball has potential energy because of its position, and that potential energy can be converted into kinetic energy when the ball is allowed to roll down the hill. Similarly, the potential energy of a system can be converted into heat or work during a spontaneous process. Therefore, spontaneous processes are often described as "downhill" in free energy because they involve a decrease in the potential energy of the system, similar to a ball rolling downhill. The decrease in potential energy of the system is accompanied by the release of energy in the form of heat and/or work, which makes the process spontaneous.
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Please Help ASAP - 100 pts + Brainliest if correct!!
Answer:
see below
Explanation:
wavelength of UV light= 2.94 * 10-⁸m .
we need to find out its frequency,
As we know that,
[tex]v = f \lambda [/tex]
v = speed = 3 * 10⁸ m/sf = frequency [tex]\lambda [/tex] = wavelengthhence,
3 * 10⁸ m/s = f * 2.94 * 10-⁸m
f = 3/2.94 *10⁸*10⁸
f = 1.02 * 10¹⁶s-¹
and we are done!
Answer:
i agwee!
Explanation:
Yash they are right
The reaction represented above goes essentially to completion. the reaction takes place in a rigid, insulated vessel that is initially at 600k. Which of the following statements about the bonds in the reactants and products is most accurate?
(A) The sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the reactant is greater than the sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the products. (B) The sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the reactant is less than the sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the products. (C) The length of the bond between carbon and oxygen in CH,OH is shorter than the length of the bond between carbon and oxygen in CO. (D) All of the bonds in the reactant and products are polar.
Option (b) is correct. The sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the reactant is less than the sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the product.
Bond enthalpy is also known as bond-dissociation enthalpy. Bond enthalpy describes the amount of energy stored in a bond between atoms in a molecule. Bond dissociation enthalpy is the energy that needs to be added for the symmetrical cleavage of a bond in the gas phase. It is the amount of energy required to break one mole of a specific covalent bond in the gas phase. Average bond enthalpies are always positive as breaking bonds always requires energy. It is endothermic. Bond enthalpies are affected by the environment. There are same type of bond can have different bond energies in different environments.
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The most accurate statement about the bonds in reactants and products is The sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the reactant is less than the sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds in the products.
Bond-dissociation enthalpy is another name for bond enthalpy. The amount of energy held in a bond between atoms in a molecule is known as bond enthalpy. The additional energy required for a bond's symmetrical cleavage in the gas phase is known as the bond dissociation enthalpy. It is the amount of energy necessary to dissolve one mole of a particular covalent bond in gas. Because it always takes energy to break bonds, average bond enthalpies are always positive. There is endothermy. Environment has an impact on bond enthalpies. In various contexts, the same type of bond might have various bond energies.
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HELP PLEASEEE I need help balancing chemical equations. If anyone can please show me how to solve
them. ?
Answer:
2H2O = 2H2 + O22. 2F2O3 = 4Fe + 3O2
3. 2Na + Cl2 = 2NaCl
4. 2HgO = 2Hg + O2
5. TiCl4 + O2 = TiO2 + 2Cl2
6. 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3
7. 2HCl + Zn = H2 + ZnCl2
8. 2Al + 3CuCl2 = 2AlCl3 + 3Cu.
When a red blood cell is placed in a solution that is more concentrated than the interior of the cell, it can be damaged. Saline solution is intended to be isotonic with animal cells having an approximate concentration of 0.900g sodium chloride per 100 mL of water. To prepare 1.00 liter of saline solution, how many grams of sodium chloride would be needed?
Given that there is a concentration of 0.9 gram of NaCl per 100mL of water.
Therefore for 1000mL ,i.e., 1 litre of water, NaCl requirement is 0.900 × 10 = 9 grams.
Which of the following reagents is the best choice for oxidizing a primary alcohol to an aldehyde? O H2Cr04
O LiAlH4 pyridinium chlorochromate in CH2Cl2
O. KMnO4 O. Na2Cr207, H2SO4
Pyridinium chlorochromate is the best choice for oxidizing a primary alcohol to an aldehyde.
What is oxidization?The chemical process of oxidation. When atoms or groups of atoms lose electrons, a process known as electron capture takes place. When a chemical species obtains oxygen or loses hydrogen, this is another way to define oxidation. Oxidation occurs as a result of these occurrences. a chemical process that occurs when an object comes into touch with oxygen or another oxidizer. Rust and an apple's brown colour are examples of oxidation. A chemical reaction in which electrons are lost is referred to as oxidation. The breakdown of fatty acids in mitochondria and/or peroxisomes occurs during a process known as beta oxidation.
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Which of the following is an intermediate in the bromination of ketones under acidic conditions? O a carbanion O an enolate O an enol O an beta-hydroxyketone
An enolate is an intermediate in the bromination of ketones under acidic conditions
An enolate is a type of carbanion intermediate that is formed by the deprotonation of a carbonyl group in an aldehyde or a ketone. It has a negatively charged carbon atom that is adjacent to a double-bonded oxygen atom (C=O) in the carbonyl group. Enolate intermediate can be formed by the addition of a strong base to a carbonyl compound, such as lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) or sodium hydride (NaH). Once formed, enolates can participate in a variety of chemical reactions, such as nucleophilic addition and substitution, condensation, and elimination reactions.
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A new element has three isotopes with mass numbers of 288, 290 and 291. The weight averaged atomic mass of this element is 289.2 and the percent abundance of the heaviest isotope-291 is 35%, what are the percent abundances of the other two isotopes?
The percent abundances of the other two isotopes of masses 288 and 290 are 57.5% and 7.5% respectively.
What are isotopes of an element?Isotopes of an element refer to the atoms of an element that have different atomic masses.
The relative atomic mass of an element or the weighted average atomic mass of an element is the sum of the isotopic mass and the relative abundances of each of the isotopes of an element.
The percent abundances of the other two isotopes of an element that has three isotopes with mass numbers of 288, 290, and 291, and whose weighted average atomic mass of this element is 289.2, and the percent abundance of the heaviest isotope-291 is 35% is determined as follows:
Let the percent abundance of the isotope of mass 228 be x;
the percent abundance of the isotope of mass 290 will be 65% - x
289.2 = 288x + 290(0.65 - x) + 291 * 0.35
289.2 = 288x + 188.5 - 290x + 101.85
2x = 1.15
x = 0.575 or 57.5%
Hence, the percent abundances are 57.5% and 7.5% respectively.
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Based on the figure above, the boiling point of ethyl alcohol under the external pressure of 0.658 atm is ___ C?
A. 40
B.80
C.60
D.70
E.20
Based on the figure above, the boiling point of ethyl alcohol under the external pressure of 0.658 atm is option A 40 C
We know for Ethyl alcohol the boiling point at 1atm pressure is 78.37°C= 351.37K. Final pressure is 0.658atm. we know P1\P2=T1\T2 ==> T2= 0.658×351.37=231.20K= 40°C (option A). So option A is correct. The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from a liquid to a gas (vapor) at a given pressure. At the boiling point, the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. For a given pressure, different substances have different boiling points. The boiling point of a substance can also be affected by changes in pressure; for example, at higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is lower, so the boiling point of a liquid will be lower.Boiling points are a physical property of a substance and are commonly used to identify and separate different compounds in a mixture. For example, in the process of distillation, different compounds in a mixture are separated based on their different boiling points.
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the complete question is :
Based on the figure above, the boiling point of ethyl alcohol under the external pressure of 0.658 atm is ___ C?
A. 40
B.80
C.60
D.70
E.20
how many moles are in 85 grams of HNO3
Answer: 5356.091400000158
Explanation:
3 Cu + 8HNO3 g 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO+ 4 H₂O
In the above equation how many moles of NO can be made when 45 moles of HNO3 are
consumed?
Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 11.25 moles of NO can be made when 45 moles of HNO₃ are consumed.
Reaction stoichiometryThe balanced reaction is:
3 Cu + 8 HNO₃ → 3 Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2 NO + 4 H₂O
By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:
Cu: 3 molesHNO₃: 8 molesCu(NO₃)₂: 3 molesNO: 2 molesH₂O: 4 molesMass of NO formedIit is possible to use a simple rule of three as follows: if by reaction stoichiometry 8 moles of HNO₃ form 2 moles of NO, 45 moles of HNO₃ form how many moles of NO?
moles of NO= (45 moles of HNO₃× 2 moles of NO)÷ 8 moles of HNO₃
moles of NO= 11.25 moles
Finally, 11.25 moles of NO are formed.
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Balance the following reaction. A coefficient of "1" is understood. Choose option "blank" for the correct answer if the
coefficient is "1".
C₂H6+
02-
CO₂ +
✓ H₂O
Answer:
C₂H6 + O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
in windows 7, what is designed to replace vb script for scripting and performing actions?
The scripting language known as Microsoft VBScript (Visual Basic Script) was created by Microsoft and is based on Visual Basic. It is a general-purpose, lightweight, and active scripting language.
Is Visual Basic is a scripting language?When it comes to scripting languages, JavaScript is utilised on the client side, whereas VBScript can be used on the server and client. In contrast to VBScript, which employs various operators for various operations, JavaScript employs a single operator for all operations.
VBScript is a scripting language, and that should be understood right away. PowerShell is primarily designed to be a shell, though it can also be used for scripting. Thus, learning VBScript may come naturally to you if you have experience with a scripting language like Visual Basic.
Microsoft The Microsoft scripting language known as VBScript (Visual Basic Script) is based on Visual Basic and is a general-purpose, lightweight, active language. A test automation tool called Quick Test Professional (QTP) now uses VBScript as its primary scripting language.
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Classify each statement as applying to osmosis dialysis or both osmosis and dialysis. Be sure to place statemnts Note:if any part of this question is? Answered incorrectly, a single red X will appear indicating that one none of the phrases has been placed incorrectly
Dialysis is the process of removing colloids from dissolved ions, crystalloid molecules, or molecules with tiny dimensions.
Write about both osmosis and dialysis.Osmosis and dialysis both fall under the definition of "a separation method that uses a semipermeable membrane to separate molecules based on their size and charge."Both osmosis and dialysis fall under the definition of "a process of separating dissolved solutes based on their ability to pass through a selectively permeable membrane."Osmosis is a technique that transfers water from a diluted solution to a concentrated solution through a membrane that is selectively permeable.Dialysis falls under the definition of "a method that uses a membrane to separate ions and tiny molecules based on their charge and molecular weight.""A procedure whereby a solution is passed across a semipermeable membrane to remove dissolved solutes from the solution" - pertains to both dialysis and osmosisOsmosis is defined as "a naturally occurring process in which water passes across a membrane from a diluted solution to a more concentrated solution."Dialysis falls under the definition of "a separation procedure that uses a membrane to separate tiny molecules and ions based on their size and charge."To know more about dialysis visit: https://brainly.com/question/13454495
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1. Ionic compounds and polar molecules can both dissolve in water. Which statement correctly describes what will occur when they dissolve?
ONeither the ionic compound nor the polar molecule will dissociate in water.
O Both the ionic compound and the polar molecule will dissociate in water.
The ionic compound will dissociate, but the polar molecule will not.
The polar molecule will dissociate, but the ionic compound will not.
Answer: C. Both will dissociate.
Explanation: Polar molecules dissociate in water because they can hydrogen bond. This allows them to hydrogen bond with other water molecules which are also Polar. In general, Polar molecules dissolve in other polar solutions.
Ionic compounds dissolve in water because they can form Ion-Dipole interactions. The cation of the Ionic compound attracts the negative part of the water molecule while the anion attracts the positive part of the water molecule.
Step 5: Measuring the Volume of Air Near 20°C (Room
Temperature)
Temperature of gas:
°C
Use tongs to put the beaker (with tube and
thermometer) on the hot plate.
600 ml
Height of the column of gas:
600
500
400
00
200
100
cm DONE✓✔
Answer:c= 21 k=294 height= 6.2 volume= 0.78
How many moles of HCl are in 125 mL of a 0.612 M solution of HCl? What is the mass of HCl?
mass HCl
Mole measure the number of elementary entities of a given substance that are present in a given sample. Therefore, 2.78g is the mass of HCl.
What is mole?The SI unit of amount of substance in chemistry is mole. The mole is used to measure the quantity or amount of substance. We know one mole of any element contains 6.022×10²³ atoms which is also called Avogadro number.
Mathematically,
Molarity= number of moles of solute/volume of solution in litre
Where,
moles= given weight /by molecular weight
= w/ 36.46
Substituting values in equation 1
0.612=(w/36.46)/( 125/1000)
w=0.80g
Therefore, 2.78g is the mass of HCl.
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Bohr used the emission spectrum of hydrogen to support his idea that:
a. electrons travel around the nucleus in a circular orbit
b. there are limited number of energy levels an electron may occupy
c. the energy of an electron is related to its distance from the nucleus
d. electrons move in discrete energy levels around the nucleus
Based on the hydrogen atom's spectrum, he postulated that the lines were caused by light being emitted or absorbed as an electron changed orbits within the atom (option b).
Where can one locate hydrogen?The majority of stars and the sun contain hydrogen, and Jupiter is primarily made of this element. Water is the form of hydrogen that is present on Earth in the highest amounts. Only very small amounts of it—less than 1 part per million by volume—are present in the atmosphere as a gas.
What is the function of hydrogen?To produce energy, power, and heat, hydrogen can be used in fuel cells. Nowadays, transportation and fertilizer manufacturing are the two uses of hydrogen that are most prevalent.
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Dichloroethylene (C2H2Cl2) has three forms (isomers), each of which is a different substance.
Part A
Draw Lewis structures of the three isomers, all of which have a carbon–carbon double bond.
Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. Include all hydrogen atoms.
do not forget about the lone pairs on the Cl atoms.
Dichloroethylene (C2H2Cl2) has three isomers, each of which is a different substance. The three isomers are: cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride
1. cis-1,2-dichloroethylene: This isomers has the Cl atoms on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond. Its Lewis structure would be H3C-CHCl-Cl
2. trans-1,2-dichloroethylene: This isomer has the Cl atoms on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond. Its Lewis structure would be H3C-CCl2-H
3. Vinyl chloride: This isomer has one chlorine atom bonded to the carbon atom double bonded to another carbon atom. Its Lewis structure would be H2C=CHCl
Each of these isomers have different chemical and physical properties. It's worth to mention that these structures are the Lewis Structure which are not always the same as the 3D structure of the molecule.
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Which of the following choices is not an example of artificial selection?
Scientists genetically alter watermelon to produce a seedless variety.
Scientists cross a plum and an apricot to produce a new variety of fruit, a pluot.
Farmers use genetic engineering to create larger ears of corn.
A blue-eyed man and a brown-eyed woman have two children, both of whom have brown eyes.
Answer:
A blue-eyed man and a brown-eyed woman have two children, both of whom have brown eyes.
Explanation:
What reagent (or compound) causes the observed visual change in positive Lucas test? A. The alkyl halide product is insoluble in water B. Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(IlI) C. The product hydrazone is insoluble D Ag(l) is reduced to Ag(O)
The alkyl halide product is insoluble in water is reagent (or compound) causes the observed visual change in positive Lucas test.
What is reagent?A reagent, sometimes known as an analytical reagent, in chemistry is a substance or compound supplied to a system to either initiate a chemical reaction or test whether one happens. Although the terms "reagent" and "reactant" are frequently used synonymously, "reactant" refers to the component that is consumed during a chemical reaction. Reagents are frequently employed to test for the presence of specific compounds since they can cause specific reactions when they bind to the substance or other related molecules.A versatile reagent for the quick introduction of a hydrogen atom, oxygen atom, or hydroxyl group into the target product, water has been intensively researched in recent years as one of the most affordable and environmentally friendly solvents.
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How many grams of H2 are needed to react with 3.15 g of N2
In order to react with 3.15 g of N2, we would need 6.3 grams of H2. This is because the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) to form ammonia (NH3) is:
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
So for every 1 mole of N2, we need 3 moles of H2. Since the molar mass of N2 is 28.02 g/mol and that of H2 is 2.02 g/mol, we can use the following conversion to find the number of grams of H2 needed:
3.15 g N2 x (3 moles H2/1 mole N2) x (2.02 g H2/1 mole H2) = 6.3 g H2
Which of these changes is an example of a physical change?
A. zinc reacts with oxygen to form zinc oxide
B. vinegar turns milk into cheese
C. a banana rots
D. a piece of fruit is bitten in half
Answer:
A. Zinc react with oxygen to form zinc oxide
Calculate the pH of each of the following solutions of a strong acid in water.
(a) 0.16 M HCl
_____________
(b) 4.4 M HClO4
__________
(c) 2.3???10?11 M HI
_______________
Strong acids almost entirely transfer their protons to the solvent molecules, including HCl, HClO4, and HI.
How does pH function?a way to measure how basic or acidic a substance or solution is. The pH scale has numbers 0 through 14. On this scale, a pH value of 7 is regarded as neutral, indicating it is neither acidic nor basic.
What is the pH equation used for?The hydronium ion concentration in moles per liter must be known in order to estimate the pH of an aqueous solution (molarity). Using the formula pH = - log [H3O+], the pH is then determined. Take a 0.0025 M HCl solution as an example, and calculate its pH. Since it is potent and completely ionized in water, HCl qualifies as an acid.
(a) 0.16 M HCl
pH = -log[H+] = -log[0.16] = 0.79
pH = 0.79
(b) 4.4 M HClO4
pH = -log[H+] = -log[4.4] = -0.64
pH = -0.64 (negative sign)
(c) 2.3???10?11 M HI
Here we have typo error 2.3???10?11 M HI instaed of 2.3 x 10-11 M
[H3O+]total = [HA]acid + [H3O+]water
[H3O+]total = [HA]acid + [OH-]water (since, [H3O+]water = [OH-]water)
[H3O+]total = [HA]acid + [OH-]water = (2.3e-11) + (9.99e-8) = 9.9923e-8
pH = -log[[H3O+]total] = -log[9.9923e-8] = 7.00
pH = 7.00
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