The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which is abbreviated ELISA, is a test to screen blood for antibodies to the AIDS virus.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most common HIV tests use blood to detect HIV infection. In this techniques, a patient's blood sample is used to tested for antibodies. Oral fluid may also be used to perform an ELISA collected from the cheeks and gums.
An HIV antibody response can be detected as early as two weeks in a few people and in more than 99.9% of people by 12 weeks. An antibody test at 4 weeks will detect 95% of infections.
Currently licensed ELISA tests have greater than 98% sensitivity and specificity for HIV. Western blot analysis detects antibodies to specific HIV antigens and is best used as a confirmatory test. In spite of the high sensitivity and specificity of both tests, false-positive and false-negative results do occur.
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Part of the brain oversees the postural muscles and control balance and equilibrium?
In brain, cerebellum controls the postural muscles and balance the equilibrium. By operating on the cerebral cortex via the thalamocortical projection and on the brainstem, the cerebellum regulates the cognitive and automatic processes of posture-gait regulation.
Both real-time sensory feedback via the spinocerebellar tract to the cerebellum and feedforward information from the cerebral cortex via the cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway may play significant roles in these processes.
The cerebellum's ability to govern posture is mostly dependent on sensory afferents. Along with the vestibular nuclei, the floccules and vermis of the cerebellum also receive signals from the labyrinth via the vestibular nerve. Spinocerebellar pathways convey peripheral sensory data and a copy of the spinal cord's output to the fastigial nuclei (FN).
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Some combinations of recessive alleles cause problems so severe that a fetus may cease to develop. Such lethal allele combinations appear to alter Mendelian ratios because
Such lethal allele combinations appear to alter Mendelian ratios because homozygotes for the lethal allele do not appear as a progeny class.
What are Mendel’s laws of inheritance?Mendel proposed the law of inheritance of traits from the first generation to the next generation. Law of inheritance is made up of three laws: Law of segregation, law of independent assortment and law of dominance.The law of dominance states that recessive traits are always dominated or masked by dominant trait.Lethal alleles are alleles that cause an organism to die only when present in a homozygous condition. In case of lethal genes, only the heterozygous is able to survive in the progeny but they cause death if an organism carries two copies of the lethal allele. As a result homozygotes for the lethal allele do not appear as a progeny class.Lethal alleles can cause death of an organism prenatally or any time after birth, though they commonly manifest early in development.Learn more about Mendel's laws of inheritance here:
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Stubble bristles (Sb) is dominant to wildtype bristles (Sb ) in Drosophila melanogaster. In a population where there are 137 flies with wildtype bristles and 836 flies with stubble bristles, what are the allele frequencies for the Sb and Sb alleles (assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)
Generation after generation, populations in H-W equilibrium have the same allelic and genotypic frequencies.
f(Sb) = p = 0.626. f(Sb+) = q = 0.374. F(SbSb+) = 2pq = 0.468
What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium theory, assuming a diallelic gene.
The dominant allele p(X) has a frequency of p.
The recessive allele p(x) has a frequency of q.
After one generation, the genotypic frequencies are
p² (Homozygous dominant genotypic frequency),
2pq (Heterozygous genotypic frequency),
q² (Homozygous recessive genotypic frequency).
In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, genotypic and allelic frequencies don't change over generations.
The allelic frequencies added together equal 1.
p + q = 1.
The sum of genotypic frequencies equals 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
In the exposed:
Sb is dominant
Sb+ is recessive ⇒ wild type
Population size ⇒ 137 + 836 = 973
wildtype bristles ⇒ 137 ⇒ Sb + Sb+
stubble bristles ⇒ 836 ⇒ SbSb and SbSb+
Phenotypic frequency:
F(wildtype) = q² = 137/973 = 0.14
F(stubble) = p² + 2pq = 836/973 = 0.86
To determine the genotypic and allelic frequencies, we will now use the frequency of the recessive trait.
F(Sb+Sb+) = q² = 137/973 = 0.14 ⇒ Recessive Genotypic frequency
f(Sb+) = q = √0.14 = 0.374 ⇒ Recessive Allelic frequency
We will now utilize q (recessive allelic frequency) to determine the dominant genotypic frequency and the dominant allelic frequency since this population is in H-W equilibrium. We will solve the following equation to achieve this.
p + q = 1
p + 0.374 = 1
p = 1 - 0.374
p = 0.626 ⇒ Dominant Allelic frequency
F( SbSb) = p² = 0.626² = 0.392 ⇒ Dominant Genotypic frequency
The heterozygous frequency will be the last thing we learn. There are 2 possibilities, The dominant genotypic frequency is subtracted from the dominant phenotypic frequency.
F(SbSb + SbSb+) - F(SbSb) = 0.86 - 0.392 = 0.468
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
0.392 + 2pq + 0.14 = 1
2pq = 1 - 0.392 - 0.14
2pq = 0.468
Answers:
- f(Sb) = p = 0.626 ⇒ Dominant Allelic frequency
- f(Sb+) = q = 0.374 ⇒ Recessive Allelic frequency
- F(SbSb+) = 2pq = 0.468 ⇒ Heterozygous frequency
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PLS HELPPP WILL MARK BRAINLIEST IM DESPARETE
The patella is a(n) _____________bone found in the ___________________. (2 points)
long; appendicular skeleton
irregular; appendicular skeleton
flat; axial skeleton
short; axial skeleton
Answer:
(b) irregular, appendicular
Explanation:
You want to know the shape and location of the patella in the human skeleton.
PatellaThe patella is also known as the kneecap. It is a smallish irregularly-shaped bone that is part of the leg.
Appendicular skeletonThe appendicular skeleton includes the limbs, the shoulder girdle, and pelvis. As the patella is part of each lower limb, it is included in the appendicular skeleton.
The patella is an irregular bone found in the appendicular skeleton.
Which two features present the strongest evidence for establishing evolutionary relationships between species
Answer:
DNA mutation rate and Homologous structures.Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium?
Punctuated equilibrium theory states that species emerge from divergence events that occur in relatively short periods. Option c. ongoing gene flow among all individuals.
What is punctuated equilibrium?
The punctuated equilibrium theory states that species are the result of the divergence of the preceding taxonomic group. The whole group does not evolve, it diverges, and two new species emerge.
Divergence occurs in short time, and once speciation occurs, little change occurs within each group for a long time.
The correct option is c. ongoing gene flow among all individuals.
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Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium?
a. a division of populations
b. a change in environmental conditions
c. ongoing gene flow among all individuals
d. a large number of mutations taking place at once
Identify interactions among species, such as competition or predation.
Among the different types of species interactions, we can mention amensalism, commensalism, parasitism, mutualism, competition, and predation.
What are the possible interactions among species?
All organisms in nature interact with other organisms in different ways.
AmensalismRefers to a biological relationship established between two organisms, in which one of them avoids the growth, development, or survival of the other one.
In this interaction, one of the organisms seems to be strongly affected by the other one. Meanwhile, the other organism does not seem to be affected at all.
CommensalismIn this case, the fitness of only one of the species seems to increase, while the other species is not affected at all, nor positively or negatively.
The unaffected species might provide food or refuge to the other species, which is beneficiated.
ParasitismIn this case, one of the species is beneficiated, while the other suffers a consequence, reducing its fitness.
These interactions are mainly about nutrition, although there might be other benefits too.
Some parasite species might coexist with their host, while some others might get them ill to the point of causing death.
MutualismThe interaction is favorable for both species.
Their fitness increases with these interactions, although they do not need this relationship to survive.
The degree of benefits might vary among species or might be equal.
CompetitionThis is an ecological and evolutive process very common in nature.
Competition might be intra- or interspecific. Competition between different species in a community or ecosystem might be due to the same resource use.
Resources are the same food, territory, shelter, etcetera. When a resource is useful for two or more species, and limited, they compete to gain it.
One of the species is more competitive, so it is favored over the other species.
PredationIt refers to the interaction in which one species attacks, kills, and feeds on other species.
This definition excludes the detritivorous organisms, because in these last cases the organic matter is already dead.
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Which pattern of inheritance would explain the different fur color in the related dogs?
Answer:
B/b alleles.
from a presentation
A large, old tree deep in the forest was knocked down in a windstorm. as it fell, it pushed four other somewhat smaller trees down with it, opening up quite a large patch of sunlight in an area that had been shady for many decades. what is most likely to happen in the sunny patch in terms of plant growth? no plants will be able to grow in it until neighboring trees shade it more. seeds of sun-loving plants will germinate and grow in it. primary succession will start with very small plants or lichens. shade-loving plants will grow in it, since it is in the forest.
Seeds of sun-loving plants will germinate and grow in it.
Gap dynamics in forestsForests generally have different layers of trees. Thus, the ground layer of forests is usually barren or dominated by a few shade-tolerant plant species.
When gaps emerge in an otherwise close canopy either naturally or by other means, the dynamics of plant population on the ground layer change.
If the ground layer is barren before due to shade, propagules of sun-loving plant species will colonize and begin to germinate in the gaps. If the layer has some shade-tolerant herbs before, competition for space starts between the sun-loving and shade-tolerant species.
With time, the shade-tolerant species die off and are replaced by sun-loving plant species.
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Answer: Seeds of sun-loving plants will germinate and grow in it.
Explanation:
pretty simple
more sun= more sun
plants who need more sun will grow more
plants who need more shade wont do as well hence the name
primary sucession has nothing to do with this
no plants will grow isnt true cuz it literally says there is more sun and there is more space
just use process of elimination
In the lesson, maarit and her maya ancestors grew ________ as part of their routine.
Maarit and her Maya ancestor's civilizations grew potatoes, corn, beans, squash and chilies as part of their routine.
Which plants evolved from America?Different types of plants evolved in America and were selected by native civilizations, which include, among others, potatoes, corn, beans, squash and chilies.
Conventional breeding techniques were used by native civilizations such as Maya civilization in order to produce new crops, including maize, which is an extensive crop plant that shows genetic heterosis (it is an allogamous plant).
In conclusion, Maarit and her Maya ancestor's civilizations grew potatoes, corn, beans, squash and chilies as part of their routine.
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The end products of digestion of carbohydrates are ________
Answer:
glucose, fructose and/or galactose
You are microscopic and stranded inside the right atrium during passive ventricular filling. How many potential escape routes do you have (assume you can swim with and against the current):
4 potential escape routes you have inside the right atrium during passive ventricular filling.
What Is the Pathway of Blood Through the Heart?There are four chambers in the human heart.
Mammals and birds have double circulation.
The pathway of blood through the heart is as follows:
The deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right atrium from the vena cava and enters the right ventricle through a tricuspid valve. It enters the pulmonary artery through the semilunar valve and goes to pulmonary circulation.The oxygenated blood from the lungs is received in the left atrium from the pulmonary veins and enters the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve. It enters the aorta through a semilunar valve and goes to the systemic circulation.To learn more about the blood circulation,
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Create a hypothesis about which carbohydrate (flour, table sugar, or honey) you believe the yeast will be able to metabolize easiest. Be sure to explain why you chose that carbohydrate.
Yeast will metabolize honey easiest because it consists of the monosaccharides, glucose and fructose.
What are the carbohydrates?Carbohydrates are the energy-giving foods consumed by man which consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
From the given carbohydrates, Yeast will metabolize honey easiest because it consists of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.
Table sugar is a sucrose, a disaccharide, while flour is mainly starch, a polysaccharide.
In conclusion, metabolism of monosaccharides is easiest.
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What are the correct molar coefficients for balancing the following chemical reaction?
(NH4)3PO4 +
HCI →
NH4Cl +
H3PO4
The correct molar coefficients will be 1, 3, 3, and 1 respectively.
Balancing chemical equationsA balanced chemical equation is an equation that obeys the law of conservation of atoms.
In other words, the number of atoms of the elements in the reactants must be equal to the number of atoms of the same elements in the products.
Hence in the reaction with the chemical equation: [tex](NH_4)_3PO_4 +HCI --- > NH_4Cl +H_3PO_4[/tex]
The number of atoms of N, H, P, O, and Cl in the reactants must be the same as in the products.
Thus, the balanced equation of the reaction, in this case, will be:
[tex](NH_4)_3PO_4 +3HCI --- > 3NH_4Cl +H_3PO_4[/tex]
Therefore, the correct molar coefficients for balancing the equation are 1, 3, 3, and 1 respectively.
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Secondary lymphoid organs, such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, each have distinct features that are important for their role in initiating immune responses focused on different anatomical compartments (i.e., the peripheral tissues, the blood, or the gastrointestinal tract, respectively). Yet these organs share some overall structural features, such as distinct
One major difference between these secondary lymphoid organs is the mechanism by which antigens or pathogens enter the organ.
Naive T cells can develop into effector and memory T cells, which remove the triggering antigen in peripheral tissues and produce protective immunity, with the help of secondary lymphoid tissues.
The spleen, which collects bloodborne antigens, the lymph nodes, which deal with antigens found in peripheral tissues, and the mucosa-associated, bronchial-associated, and gut-associated lymphoid tissues where antigens from epithelial surfaces are collected are examples of secondary lymphoid organs.
Therefore, One major difference between these secondary lymphoid organs is the mechanism by which antigens or pathogens enter the organ.
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Untreated hyperemesis can lead to preterm birth. what is the cause of the preterm birth?
Acute gastroenteritis that occurs after an incubation period of two to three days, persists for about a week, and commonly affects children is probably caused by_______.
Acute gastroenteritis that occurs after an incubation period of two to three days persists for about a week, and commonly affects children are probably caused by Rotavirus.
Rotavirus is an endemic that causes signs of extreme diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. it is without problems spread amongst people. Rotavirus usually causes excessive, watery diarrhea and vomiting in toddlers and young kids. youngsters may become dehydrated and need to be hospitalized.
Rotavirus is most often spread via a fecal-oral direction. that is frequently due to the fact a child does now not wash his or her hands nicely or often enough. it is able to additionally be due to eating or consuming infected meals or water. The virus might also stay on surfaces such as doorknobs, toys, and other hard objects for a long term.
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Along with other distinct traits, robust australopithecines had large __________ adapted for grinding food. Group of answer choices temporalis muscles and a sagittal crest front teeth and small back teeth premolars, molars, temporalis muscles, and a sagittal crest premolars and molars
Along with other distinct traits, robust australopithecines had large temporalis muscles and a sagittal crest, and large premolars and molars adapted for grinding food.
Robust australopithecines belong to the Australopithecus genus, they are known as robust because of their dietary adaptations that allowed them to eat hard and fibrous food that needs vigorous chewing and grinding.
They were adapted to eat seeds, nuts, plant roots, tubers, etc. They had large temporalis muscle (major muscle for chewing) and a large sagittal crest for attachment of temporalis muscle to the skull for chewing hard and fibrous foods.
They also had large premolars and molars to aid in chewing tough plant materials like roots and tubers.
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When physical characteristics, such as early onset of menstruation or increased height and weight (due to better nutrition) change over the course of several generations, this is an example of a Group of answer choices d) secondary characteristic. a) generational cycle. b) primary characteristic. c) secular trend.
This is a multigenerational pattern of change known as a secular trend. It is an adaptation of the organism's expression dependent on the surroundings.
What is meant by a Secular trend?
In the past century, there seems to be a startling trend toward children of all ages getting bigger and bigger. The "secular trend" is what is meant by this. The scale of the tendency in America and Europe is so great that all dwarfs the variations among social strata.
Causes of these things-
The secular tendency has several potential causes.
Better nutrition is undoubtedly a significant factor, with probably extra proteins and carbohydrates in the early stages of infancy. The prevalence of illness may have declined as well. Early menarche was often thought to be strongly linked to hot temperatures, but it appears that their impact, if any, is far less significant than even nourishment.Therefore it is concluded that the correct choice is option (C) secular trend.
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im in need of help someone someone help me with the question in the picture
Moonlight is sunlight reflected. A star of our Sun's size is typical. The galaxy that houses our Solar System is called the Milky Way.
In the Milky Way Galaxy, which has hundreds of billions of stars, our Sun is but one common star. Electromagnetic radiation from the sun, both visible and invisible, includes heat. Due to the moon's low degree of reflection, very little of the incident "light" that hit the moon is reflected back to the earth. Because we refer to anything connected to our star by the adjective "solar," which comes from the Latin word "solis," our planetary system is known as "the solar system." Our solar system is situated in the Milky Way galaxy's outer spiral arm.
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4. Which of the following poses a major problem in understanding and fixing the issues with the San Joaquin Valley?
a. lack of scientific tools and data
b. lack of community support
c. lack of time from officials
A major problem to understand and correct the problems with the San Joaquin Valley lack of tools and scientific data on valley fever.
A. lack of scientific tools and dataWhat is valley fever?The small town of Avenal, in the San Joaquin Valley, is most affected by an incurable disease known as 'valley fever'. Cases of an incurable disease called "valley fever", are multiplying at an alarming and surprising rate in the southwestern United States.
With this information, we can conclude that San Joaquin Valley, is best known for an incurable disease known as 'valley fever', where there is no scientific data that can explain.
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Which amino acid and which atom has most to do with myoglobin’s ability to bind o2?.
Cross one parent that is heterozygous for both beak color and feather color with a parent that is homozygous for both recessive traits. What are the genotypes of the parents
Heterozygous for both traits genotype = BbFf
Homozygous for both traits genotype = bfbf
What are homozygous and heterozygous traits?
The term "identical genes received during the zygote period of development" is homozygous. The parents of a person with homozygous features gave them one copy of each allele. Both dominant and recessive alleles are possible.
Children with heterozygous traits inherit a dominant gene from one parent and a recessive allele from the other parent.
Let the alleles for beak color be:
Dominant allele = B
Recessive allele = b
Let the alleles for feather color be:
Dominant allele = F
Recessive allele = f
Therefore,
Parent 1 with heterozygous traits will have genotype = BbFf
(because it is heterozygous for both the traits)
Parent 2 with homozygous traits will have genotype = bfbf
(because it is homozygous for recessive traits)
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Pechloff, K., J. Holch, U. Ferch, M. Schweneker, K. Brunner, M. Kremer, T. Sparwasser, L. Quintanilla-Martinez, U. Zimber-Strobl, B. Streubel, A. Gewies, C. Peschel, and J. Ruland. 2010. The fusion kinase ITK-SYK mimics a T cell receptor signal and drives oncogenesis in conditional mouse models of peripheral T cell lymphoma. J Exp Med 207: 1031-1044.
The given statement that the fusion kinase ITK-SYK mimics a T cell receptor signal and drives oncogenesis in conditional mouse models of peripheral T cell lymphoma holds TRUE.
What are t cells?White blood cells called T-cells collaborate with macrophages. Each T-cell can only combat one particular virus, in contrast to macrophages which may assault any invading cell or virus. This can lead you to believe that macrophages are more powerful than T cells, however this is untrue. T-cells, on the other hand, act more like a special forces unit that only engages in one type of virus attack on your body.
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As we age, the decrease of which hormone is associated with the loss of muscle tissue?
The decrease of human growth hormone is associated with the loss of muscle tissue as we age.
What is a hormone?A hormone is a chemical messenger that is released into the bloodstream in order to carry out particular physiological functions.
The human growth hormone is a hormone required during the growth that induces cell division during specific stages of human development.
The human growth hormone is secreted by specialized cells present in the anterior pituitary gland.
The expression level of the gene encoding the human growth hormone can be used in clinical settings in order to determine the presence of abnormal growth during embryo development.
In conclusion, the decrease of human growth hormone is associated with the loss of muscle tissue as we age.
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How would you interpret a micrograph that shows a cuboidal cell without a nucleus?
When preparing the slide, the blade did not cut through the nucleus.
Cuboidal epithelial cells have a single, central nucleus and are cube-shaped. They are typically found in glandular tissues all throughout the body in a single layer, such as a simple epithelium, where they manufacture and secrete glandular material.To prepare a slide:
Put a drop of liquid in the middle of the slide to prepare it.Place the sample on the liquid with tweezers.Place one cover slip side against the slide at an angle such that it makes contact with the outer border of the liquid drop.Slowly lower the cover to prevent air bubbles.Utilize the paper towel to absorb any extra water.learn more about slide here: https://brainly.com/question/27127116
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Apply darwin’s four postulates to the galápagos finch case study to verify that natural selection has occurred.
Darwin's observed the Galapagos finches has graded series of break size and shape ,predicted that species were modified from one original mainland species.
He observes that beak shape varies among finch species that beak of an ancestral species had adapted over time to equip the finches to acquire different food sources. His main purpose for asking evolutionary questions about adaptation and the multiplication of species.
Finches beak shapes that corresponded to the main food source on that island, many branches of science are contributed in Darwin's theory of natural selection. This is important because isolated group of birds have evolved to match their niche diets and its a clue for Charles Darwin in his theory.
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The effect of temperature or nutrition on the expression of genes are examples of how ______ can alter the phenotype.
The effect of temperature or nutrition on the expression of genes are examples of how the environment can alter the phenotype.
Increases in temperature (warm environments) showed a non-significant increase in a phenotypic manner and a marginally significant increase in phenotypic variability. Larger increases in temperature noticed extra increases in phenotypic variability, but no increase inside the mean phenotypic response.
Usually, growing temperature induced an acceleration inside the improvement, and the higher the temperature, the sooner the expression reaction of any particularly focused gene. In more detail, larval yolk utilization and growth rates multiplied, while yolk utilization performance decreased with increasing temperature.
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Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from:
Answer:
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system
Blood alcohol concentration (bac) is defined as the ration of alcohol in the system to ____________ in the system.
Blood alcohol concentration (bac) is defined as the ration of alcohol in the system to blood in the system.Also called blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level . The amount of alcohol which is present in the bloodstream.
A Blood alcohol concentration of 0.05% =0.05grams of Alcohol in every 100 milliliters of blood.It can be measured by breath,blood,or urine tests.High the percentage of alcohol higher the blood alcohol concentration. Levels can range from 0% to over 0.4% (a potentially fatal level).
It is a measurement of alcohol intoxication used for legal or medical purposes.There are some factors also which affects the blood alcohol concentration like - Age ,Tolerance, Metabolism, Medication,body, weight, etc
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