Vaccination involves exposing an individual to a killed or inactivated pathogen or a component of a pathogen, which stimulates the adaptive immune system to produce memory B cells and memory T cells. The Correct option is A
These memory cells remember the pathogen and provide protection from subsequent exposures by mounting a quick and efficient immune response. The protection provided by vaccination is specific to the pathogen or component of the pathogen used in the vaccine, and does not involve the innate immune system or macrophages living a long time.
Vaccination is an important tool in preventing the spread of infectious diseases and has led to the eradication of several diseases worldwide.
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Complete Question:
Which of the following options best describes how vaccination works?
A) An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures.
B) An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the body has an inflammatory response, which protects the individual from subsequent exposures.
C) An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the innate immune system is stimulated.
D) An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures because the body produces macrophages that live a long time and can remember the pathogen.
What evidence exists that humans evolved in africa?
Fossil record of the first possible bipeds is the evidence exists that state humans are evolved in Africa. Modern humans arose in Africa at least 250,000 to 300,000 years ago, fossils and DNA are the evidence that reveals. Scientists have been unable to pinpoint a more specific homeland because the earliest Homo sapiens fossils are found all across Africa.
Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent. The fossils of early humans who lived between 6 and 2 million years ago come entirely from Africa. Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of early humans found from Africa.
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What are mutations?
For biology revision
Answer: cells are incredibly accurate when they are copying DNA, but there are going to be some errors.
Most of these errors can often times break the organism in some way or might not at all.
But every now and then, some of these errors either as an individual base pair or maybe cumulatively can produce a different phenotype and potentially a phenotype that has an advantage.
This is mutation.
A mutation is a change to an organism's DNA sequence. Errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infection can all cause mutations.
what are the different types of mutation?There are three types of DNA Mutations:
base substitutionsdeletions insertions.Base substitutions : Point mutations are single nucleotide substitutions; consider the point mutation Glu ——-> Val is the culprit of sickle cell anaemia.
Deletions : A deletion happens when one or more base pairs are deleted from the DNA, which causes a frameshift.
Insertions: Depending on whether multiples of three base pairs are entered, the addition of additional base pairs may cause frameshifts.
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What is sexual and asexual reproduction
Answer: asexual reproduction is when an organism can reproduce without the need of another unlike sexual reproduction
Explanation: sexual reproduction happens when two organisms reproduce together giving the offspring 50% of each organisms DNA--
asexual reproductions is more like the organism replicating itself because the offspring has 100% of its DNA making it the exact same
In sexual reproduction an organism that reproduces sexually incorporates the genetic material from both of its parents and is genetically distinct. Asexual reproduction creates genetically identical kids by having one parent replicate itself.
what is reproduction?The biological process of reproduction is how new individual organisms, or children, are created from their parents.
Reproduction Methods:
Animals can reproduce in two different ways;
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The cell organelle that digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances is the ____
The cell organelle that digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances is the Lysosome. The main constituent of lysosomes is hydrolase enzymes. The hydrolase enzymes of the lysosome, a membrane-bound vesicle, break down aged organelles and proteins into smaller molecules like amino acids.
Lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes are also helpful in destroying invading pathogens. Upon any bacterial/fungal/viral infection, the cell engulfs the pathogenic particle in a double membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome, via phagocytosis. Phagosomes get fused with lysosome and hydrolytic enzymes help in the clearance of the pathogen.
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A population's emigration in one month totaled three individuals. During the same period, immigration was 17 individuals. Natality was 12, and mortality was 26 due to a parasite infection. What was the net effect on the population size
There was no net change in the given population. The size of the given population remains unchanged.
The explanation behind this is that if we consider the given values-
Emigration- 3
Immigration- 17
Natality- 12
Mortality-26
Therefore,
The overall effect on the population will be=
(Emigration+ Mortality) - (Immigration + Natality)
= (3+26) - (17 + 12)
=29-29
=0
Here the emigration means the number of people who have migrated from the population. Mortality refers to the number of deaths in a given population. Immigration is the migration of people into the population and natality is the overall number of births that have taken place in a population. Therefore there is no net gain or loss in the given population. This exerts no effect on the population keeping it unchanged.
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Which of the following is a form of conditioning?
Answer choices:
A frequent heroin user experiences euphoria upon injecting any liquid
A faint buzzing becomes more annoying and apparent as it continues
Becoming less scared of bees after a colony builds a hive on your house
The unpleasantness of smelling durian fruit for the first time
Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face
Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face is a form of conditioning.
ConditioningAccording to the "learning" or conditioning theory of behavioral psychology, a person or an animal's response to an object or event can be changed. Operant Conditioning, which Skinner developed from the most well-known variation of this, is a result of the Classical Conditioning method. The experiments of Ivan Pavlov, who decided to study conditioning after learning that his canine subjects began to salivate not only when meat powder was presented to them, but more importantly, when the person who was feeding them came into proximity with them, provided evidence for this mode of learning. The dogs unintentionally learned through classical conditioning to link the person giving them food with the meal itself and responded similarly to the feeders as a result.
Which of the following is a form of conditioning?
Answer choices:
A frequent heroin user experiences euphoria upon injecting any liquid
A faint buzzing becomes more annoying and apparent as it continues
Becoming less scared of bees after a colony builds a hive on your house
The unpleasantness of smelling durian fruit for the first time
Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face
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Which combination of alleles are always involved in the inheritance of a sex-linked trait?
heterozygous alleles
homozygous alleles
alleles that are carried on X and Y chromosomes
alleles that are carried on all chromosomes except the X and Y chromosomes
Sex-linked genes are transmitted with the sex chromosomes. The combination of alleles that are involved in the inheritance of a sex-linked trait are alleles carried on X and Y chromosomes. Option C)
What is a sex-linked gene?
Genes are physically located and arranged in the chromosomes. Each chromosome contains several genes that vary in length and code for different traits. So, all chromosomes are different, except for the homologous ones.
In mammals, sex is determined by a pair of sex chromosomes, X and Y.
Females are represented by the combination of two X chromosomes, XXMales are represented by the combination of an X chromosome with a Y chromosome, XY.When talking about sex-linked genes, we refer to genes located in one of the sex chromosomes. In general, genes are linked to the X chromosome.
Being linked to one of the sex chromosomes means that these genes, and their corresponding alleles, will only be inherited together with the chromosome.
In the case of X-linked genes, a male that inherits the X chromosome from a heterozygous female can express either the dominant or the recessive trait, depending on which allele it got from the mother.
According to this framework, the correct answer is C) alleles that are carried on X and Y chromosomes.
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Answer:
alleles that are carried on X and Y chromosomes
Explanation:
What is the natural treatment (fruit name) to remove the kidney stone?
Answer:
Pomegranate
Explanation:
Especially Pomegranate juice
hope it helps
Answer:
Try pomegranate juice.
Explanation:
Pomegranate is often used to treat conditions like ulcers and diarrhea, and it may also be beneficial in treating kidney stones because it decreases calcium oxalate and is also rich in antioxidants. Antioxidants help prevent and reduce oxidative stress, which is linked to kidney stone formation.
Hope it helps Raj! :)
Choose from three types of scientific workers (for example, biologists, chemists, and geographers) that you think could help solve the problems associated with this species, and explain how they could apply their knowledge.
The issues related to species could be resolved with the help of biologists.
Chemists, geographers, and biologists are the three categories of scientific workers.Chemists are people who study chemistry and do research on chemical compounds. Since they are primarily concerned with chemical reactions, they are unable to address the issue of species.Since geographers are primarily physical scientists who also study geography and the distribution of land, features, and people on earth, they are unable to address the issue of species.A biologist is someone who studies biology, which is primarily based on humans. They research all types of living things and life in general in order to be able to address issues with species.Laboratory studies with animals, plants, microbes, or biomolecules are frequently carried out by biologists. A tiny portion of biological research does, however, take place outside of the lab and may entail natural observation as opposed to experimental.learn more about biologist here: https://brainly.com/question/17274244
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Why do sex-linked traits follow different patterns of inheritance than other
traits?
O A. Males only have one X chromosome.
O B. Females only carry dominant alleles.
O C. Males only carry recessive alleles.
O D. Females only have one X chromosome
Answer:
O A. Males only have one X chromosome.
Explanation:
Males are XY and Females are XX. Based on this fact, option A is true. Option B is false b/c women can carry recessive alleles, option c is incorrect b/c males can carry dominant alleles, option D is incorrect b/c females have two X chromosomes.
From process of elimination, A is the best choice. Hope you get it right
Use homeostasis to explain why you might throw up if you eat food that has gone bad.
Food that has gone bad can cause food poisoning in which the body responds to maintain homeostasis through vomiting.
What is homeostasis?Homeostasis is defined as the ability of human beings to maintain a constant internal environment which is meant for their survival.
When an individual consumes spoilt food the body responds by showing the following symptoms such as:
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Which muscle is highlighted? brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi radialis longus pronator teres
The muscle which is highlighted in the diagram provided in the question is referred to as brachioradialis and is therefore denoted as option A in this context.
What is a Muscle?These are characterized by the presence of soft tissues which contract in other to exert a force. It is also involved in performing various types of activities for our daily living and survival such as eating, ,lifting of objects etc.
The brachioradialis is a muscle which is present in the forearm and helps in its flexion movement at the elbow region. The origin of this type of muscle is at the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and performs other functions such as pronation and supination.
This is therefore the reason why brachioradialis was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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In conducting a test on the kind of music that may encourage plant growth, what practice upholds the fair test standard?
In conducting a test on the kind of music that may encourage plant growth, exposing the plants to different types of music upholds the fair test standard.
For most plants playing classical or jazz music caused growth to increase.
Research like Ellis' shows that sounds, music or noise can stimulate plant growth. Plants respond to sound waves and vibrations by causing plant cells to move, which leads to more nutrients.
Plants thrive when they listen to music that sits between 115Hz and 250Hz, as the vibrations emitted by such music emulate similar sounds in nature.
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Bioaccumulation refers to toxic substances at levels above what would be normally expected.
a. true
b. false
According to the research, the statement is true, Bioaccumulation refers to toxic substances at levels above what would be normally expected.
What is Bioaccumulation?It is a process that takes place in living beings and that implies that these organisms accumulate chemical substances until they reach a higher concentration than those existing in the environment that can be generated through biotic or abiotic resources.
That is, it is the accumulation of a toxic substance that persists over time at levels above what would be normally expected, acquired by the organism through the ingestion of other organisms or through contact with the environment.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, Bioaccumulation refers to toxic substances at levels above what would be normally expected.
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All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the:_________
All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
The plasma membrane, a double layer of lipids that divides the inside of the cell from the outside environment, is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Phospholipids, a type of specialized lipid, make up the majority of this double layer.
A phospholipid is composed up of two hydrophobic, water-fearing fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic, water-loving phosphate head.
The hydrophobic tails of phospholipids naturally arrange themselves in a double-layered arrangement with their hydrophilic heads facing outward.
Numerous biological membranes include this phospholipid bilayer, a two-layer structure that is energetically advantageous.
Hence, all cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
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Although A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah is a __________, it uses many elements of __________.
biography . . . fiction
memoir . . . fiction
tall tale . . . nonfiction
poem . . . nonfiction
Although A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah is a memoir, it uses many elements of fiction.
What is a memoir?Memoir is a type of literary genre that constitutes a personal narrative and its most significant feature is the insertion of the writer himself as the main character.
Writing an memoir implies a literary pact and not a historical or documentary one, because sometimes the narrative presents a memorialistic rescue (based on reality) and sometimes it builds the plot with the threads of fiction.
So, in this case, A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah is a memoir, it uses many elements of fiction.
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A scientific law is a statement of fact that describes an action or set of actions. Laws are accepted as fact because they are always observed to be true. Examples of scientific laws are Newton's laws of motion. These laws describe the motion of moving objects. a) Give an example of a scientific law you have studied or heard of. b) How do you know that this is a law in scientific terms? Read through the definition of law in the question above.
Answer:
A and B
Explanation:
<3
How are organisms in the domain Archaea different from those in the domain Eukarya?
A. Archaea are multicellular organisms.
B. Archaea have mitochondria inside their cells.
C. Archaea have no membranes around their organelles.
D. Archaea hold genetic information in DNA.
Answer:
C.) Archaea have no membranes around their organelles.
Explanation:
A.) is incorrect because Archaea are unicellular organisms. Eukarya, however, are multicellular.
B.) is incorrect because Archaea do not have mitochondria. Eukarya contain mitochondria.
C.) is correct because, unlike Eukarya, Archaea do not have any membranes around their organelles.
D.) is incorrect because both Eukarya and Archaea keep their genetic information in DNA.
The most abundant proteins in the muscles are what?
Myosin i think not sure
Glycolysis would quickly halt if the process ran out of _____, which serves as the hydrogen and electron acceptor
A Final statement or concluding statement
Glycolysis would quickly halt if the process ran out of NAD+, which serves as the hydrogen and electron acceptor.
What are the fundamentals of Glycolysis?Glycolysis eventually breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules. Glycolysis is divided into two steps that take place in the cytoplasm of cells. Because it uses two ATP molecules, the first phase is known as the "investment" phase, and the second as the "payoff" phase. Each of these processes is catalyzed by its own enzyme, with phosphofructokinase being the most important for regulation since it governs the rate of glycolysis.
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Transradial arterial access for coronary and peripheral procedures: executive summary by the Transradial Committee of the SCAI.
The Society for Coronary angiography and Interventions recently established a Transradial Committee with the aim of examining the utility, utilization, and training considerations related to transradial access for percutaneous coronary and peripheral procedures in response to growing interest in the United States. The committee has put together a thorough review of this topic with worldwide collaboration, which is provided below.
what is Transradial access?
Transradial access (TRA) is the preferred method for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) because it has a lower risk of bleeding and vascular complications than transfemoral access (TFA), improves patient satisfaction, and has a lower mortality rate in patients presenting with ST-segment abnormalities.
summary by the transradial committee.
It is becoming more and more common in all types of arterial vascular treatments to use transradial access (TRA) through the left radial artery as an alternative to the more conventional transfemoral approach. When compared to conventional femoral access while preserving efficacy, TRA has been shown to offer various advantages (such as fewer complication rates, lower cost, and enhanced patient comfort during and after the surgery). TRA was first researched in the field of cardiology. This article gives a thorough overview of the technical components of radial access while combining more recent data to explain patient preference for TRA as well as the ways that TRA can enhance peri-procedure efficiency and compensation. Additionally, it discusses possible side effects such radial artery spasm, challenging anatomical variations, and radial artery blockage.
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how do you identify a interphase in mitosis
Answer:
Interphase is generally characterized by not being able to see the individual chromosomes, only the chromatin.
Explanation:
Chromosomes form from chromatin when the cell enters mitosis so that the genetic code can split, so if you see it, it's in mitosis, but if not, it's in interphase.
The visual examination of the fundus of the eye with an ophthalmoscope is known as?
Answer:
Ophthalmoscopy, also called funduscopy.
Ophthalmology is the virtual examination of the funds of the eye. It is the back part of an eye which is includes the optic , retina , chorod, and blood vessels.
Funduscopic examination is regular doctor examination of eyes not just ophthalmologist.It is exclusive inspection. It is exam your doctor, optometrist , uses to look into back of your eye. An otoscope is used to examine the ear canal and tympanic membrane.
The pupil is through which eyes interior will be viewed. pupil wide opening is simple and effective way to better see the structure.dilation of pupil with medicated eye drops before funduscopy.
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What is metopus, and what type of endosymbiont does it keep?
Answer:
Hey i think there is an error in ur question, u may recheck the so called word "metopus"
But here is the definition of Endosymbionts are organisms that form a symbiotic relationship with another cell or organism
When placed in a hypotonic solution, water moves into the cell through an aquaporin channel. this is an example of?
Water can move into the cell through simple diffusion and through osmosis when the concentration of water outside the cell is lower than inside through aquaporins.
Aquaporins, also known as water channels, are channel proteins that produce pores in the membrane of living cells, primarily aiding the passage of water between cells and known as plumbing systems of the cell. They are part of a wider family of important intrinsic proteins. Aquaporins are proteins that allow water to enter and exit cells more quickly than through the phospholipid bilayer in a range of bacteria, fungal, animal, and plant cell membranes.
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2. Which characteristic do most cartilaginous fish have?
1 ; swim bladder
2:spiracles
3:external fertilization
Answer:
Option 2: Spiracles.
Explanation:
Cartilaginous fish (also called Chrondricytes) have a skeleton of cartilage, instead of bone. There are two subclasses - Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. Sharks, rays, skates and sawfish are elasmobranchs while chimeras are holocephali.
Here’s a list of features of cartilaginous fish in comparison to bony fish:
1. Cartilage skeleton: unlike bony fish that have a skeleton made of bones (just like other terrestrial vertebrates), the skeleton of cartilaginous fish is made of cartilage.
2. Spiracles: this is a modified gill of sorts, it aids with respiration and is found slightly behind each eye. It leads directly to the mouth. Most cartilaginous fish possess this organ (exceptions are present, such as hammerhead sharks). Bony fish do not possess spiracles.
3. Ampullae of Lorenzini: absent in bony fish, these organs are electroreceptors that form a network of pores filled with a form of jelly that can transmit electrical signals. It allows the cartilaginous fish to sense electric fields in the water (such as the movements of a fish struggling), magnetic fields and temperature. Some bony fish such as sturgeon and lungfish may possess these organs, however research is still ongoing.
4. Claspers: male cartilaginous fish possess an organ known as claspers at their pelvic fin. This is used during reproduction to transfer the sperm into the female for fertilisation. As such, internal fertilisation occurs in cartilagonous fish. Bony fish do not possess this organ, and external fertilisation occurs.
There are many other characteristics that differentiate cartilaginous fish from bony fish. They're an extremely fascinating group of animals that unfortunately, is decreasing in numbers. Very little is known about many of these animals, so it is important that we do our best to conserve the sharks, rays, sawfish and chimeras before we lose them forever.
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include hormone binding to intracellular receptors.
When a cell is exposed to extracellular signaling molecules, or first messengers, second messengers, or intracellular signaling molecules, are released by the cell. Second messengers cause physiological alterations at the cellular level, including depolarization, migration, apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation.Secondary messenger systems attach hormones to receptors, which sets off a series of events that result in actions. Secondary messengers are chemicals that transmit information from cell surface receptors to targets located in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell.learn more about second-messenger here: https://brainly.com/question/13910720
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When using the netcat command to test a network port, which option will provide output that is not useful for scripting, but is useful for the human eye?
When using the netcat command to test a network port, the option that will provide output that is not useful for scripting, but is useful for the human eye is The "-v" flag,
This netcat command is necessary for human understanding as it stands for verbose and is used to test network ports.
However, it should be noted that it is not useful for scripting.
What is a Program Command?This refers to the set of lines that are translated into machine-readable format and used to give instructions to the computer.
Hence, we can see that when using the netcat command to test a network port, the option that will provide output that is not useful for scripting, but is useful for the human eye is The "-v" flag, which stands for verbose
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A multicellular organism that has a mouth and lives in an animal host is a(n) Group of answer choices Alga. Bacterium. Fungus. Helminth. Virus.
A multicellular organism with a mouth that lives in an animal host will be a Helminth. The correct option is the third option.
What are Helminthes?They are are group of invertebrate animals known as flatworms.
They are characterized by elongated, roud, or flat bodies. They live mostly as parasites of animals.
They usually have attachment organs that enable them to attach themselves to hosts.
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Imagine you are standing in a meadow of sunflowers. Compare your view of sunflowers from the perspective of typological thinking and from that of population thinking.
Typological thinking is that classifies things only in terms of the types to which they belong, and ignore variations among individuals.
Ernst coined the term 'typo-logical thinking' for the collection of misguided metaphysical ideas and evolutionary. The typo-logical thinking is real and the variation an illusion, while for popularization the type is an abstraction and variation is real only.
The idealized species into an individual that represented character of that differentiated from all other individuals. Population thinking rejects idea of each species in natural type and instead sees every species as a varying population of interbreeding individuals.
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