After an action potential's hyperpolarization phase, the Na/K pump aids in the axon segment's recovery to its resting potential.
The potassium channel close after hyperpolarization, allowing the neuron to revert to its resting state of -70 mV thanks to its inherent permeability to sodium and potassium. Depolarization, a sudden rise in potential, occurs all-or-nothing in neurons and is brought on by the activation of sodium channels in the cell membrane. Repolarization, the ensuing restoration to the resting potential, is facilitated by the activation of potassium channels. Potassium rushes out from the cell along its electrical potential as a series of voltage-gated ion channel open. The membrane potential is quickly reduced by these occurrences, returning it to its regular resting condition.
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When a population is subject to both drift and selection at a locus, we expect selection to dominate in its effects on allele frequency change when population size is -and selection is -. We expect drift to dominate when population size is -and selection is -
When the population is big and selection is strong, weak, or ineffective, drift is predicted to be dominant.
What does population mean in plain English?A population is the entire set of people in a group, whether that group is a country or a collection of people who share a certain trait. A population is the group of people from which a quantitative sample is taken in statistics.
What is the most numerous race on earth?Chinese people make up the largest nationality in the world, and Mandarin is the language that their native speakers use the most. The majority of people on earth live in cities and suburbs, so there has been substantial migration into metropolitan areas.
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In corn, the recessive alleles v (virescent seedlings), pr (red aleurone), and bm (brown midrib) are all encoded by genes on chromosome 5, but not necessarily in the order given. The following progeny are obtained from a cross between a fully heterozygous corn plant and a corn plant having virescent seedlings, red aleurone, and brown midribs:
a. List the parental and double cross over genotypes.
b. What is the gene order?
c. Provide a genetic map of the three loci, including the distances in map units between the gene pairs.
d. Calculate the coefficient of coincidence (C) and the interference (I).
A- The parental genotype is VvPrBm/vprbm. B- the gene order is v-pr-bm. C- the genetic map of the three loci is v -- 0.003 -- pr -- 0.004 -- bm. D- the interference is: I = 0.999993
A- The parental genotype is VvPrBm/vprbm. The double crossover genotypes are Vvprbm/vprBm and vprBm/Vvprbm.
B. There are 40 recombinant offspring out of a total of 784 offspring. This gives a recombination frequency of 40/784 = 0.051, or 5.1%.
the recombination frequency between v and pr is 2/784 = 0.003, while the recombination frequency between pr and bm is 3/784 = 0.004. Since the recombination frequency between v and pr is lower, we can conclude that v is located closer to pr than to bm. Therefore, the gene order is v-pr-bm.
C. the recombination frequency between pr and bm is 0.004. Therefore, the genetic map distance between v and pr is 0.003 map
The total genetic map distance between v and bm is the sum of the distances between v and pr and between pr and bm, which is 0.003 + 0.004 = 0.007 map units.
The genetic map of the three loci is as follows:
v -- 0.003 -- pr -- 0.004 -- bm
D. the coefficient of coincidence is:
C = observed double crossovers / expected double crossovers
C = 2 / (1.2 x
[tex] {10}^{5} [/tex]
) = 1.7 x
The interference (I) is a measure of the degree to which one crossover interferes with the occurrence of another crossover nearby.
I = 1 - (observed double crossovers / expected double crossovers)
In this case, the interference is:
I = 1 - (2 / (1.2 x
[tex] {10}^{5} [/tex]
)) = 0.999993
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A semipermeable membrane is placed between the following solution. Which solution will decrease in volume?Solution A: 3.28% (m/v) starch.Solution B: 4.12% (m/v) starch.
Since the m/v (mass/volume) ratio of solution B is higher than that of solution A, therefore the semi-permeable membrane will cause the decrease in volume of solution A due to osmosis.
Osmosis is the process of movement of solvent particles from the region of their higher concentration to the region of lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. It can be conversely said that the movement of solvent occurs from low solute region to high solute region.
A semi-permeable membrane is a thin membrane which allows the transfer of only solvent and very small sized molecules through it. Large sized solute particles cannot pass through it.
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A colorblind woman marries a man who is not colorblind. All of their sons, but none of their daughters, are colorblind. Which of the following statements correctly explains these results?The gene for color vision is found on the X chromosome.The gene for color vision is found on the Y chromosome.The gene for color vision is incompletely dominant to the gene for sex determination.The gene for color vision is codominant with the gene for sex determination.
When colorblind woman married a color sighted man. They have no daughters, but all of your sons are colorblind. This same X chromosome is associated with both the gene underlying color vision.
How does a chromosome explain work?A molecule that might be discovered in the nucleus of a cell. Genes are organized into a chromosome from proteins and DNA. Duplicated chromosomes dictate whether you will be a male or a girl when you were born.
What distinguishes DNA from chromosomes?Your DNA, genetics, and chromosome all play a role in who you are. Chromosomes transfer DNA within cells. Genes are parts of human DNA that are responsible for your unique physical characteristics.
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Which of the following cell types plays a role in the development or in the manifestation of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
--CD4 T lymphocytes
--Mast cells
--B lymphocytes
--All of these
B lymphocytes, mast cells and the CD4 T lymphocytes are the cells which are responsible for stimulating the type I hypersensitivity.
The correct option is option d.
Type I hypersensitivity which is also known as the immediate hypersensitivity is basically an allergic reaction which basically provoked by the re-exposure to a particular type of an antigen which called as an allergen.
In type I hypersensitivity, B cells basically get stimulated by the CD4⁺ T cells in order to produce IgE antibodies which are specific to an antigen. During the process of sensitization, these IgE antibodies which were produced bind to FcεRI receptors which are present on the surface of the tissue mast cells as well as the blood basophils.
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match the part of the brain with the proper function or description. largest part, used for reasoning, memory, and voluntary responses (click to select) collection of myelinated axons which connect cerebral hemispheres (click to select) contains the thalamus and the region below it (click to select) ridge or convolution on surface of cerebrum (click to select) a shallow groove on the surface of cerebrum (click to select) a deep groove seen on the surface of brain separating the two cerebral hemispheres (click to select) comprised of the pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata (click to select) coordination of posture, balance, and muscle movements (click to select) relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex (click to select) autonomic control center and links the brain to endocrine system (click to select) part of the brainstem with auditory and visual reflex centers (click to select) helps maintain breathing and connects to cerebellum (click to select) supports involuntary functions using respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor control centers (click to select)
Cerebrum is the largest portion and is responsible for reasoning, remembering, including voluntary actions.
What is the cerebrum's primary purpose?The cerebrum, which is the biggest component of the brain, controls temperature as well as initiating and coordinating movement. Speech, perception, thought and reasoning, real concern, emotions, as well as learning are all made possible by different regions of the cerebrum. Other functions deal with the senses of sight, sound, touch, others and.
What occurs if the cerebrum is hurt?Right and left hemisphere, or sides, of the cerebrum exist. Any or all of these abilities may be hampered by a stroke, depending on the region and portion of the cerebral cortex affected: both motion and feeling. Speaking and writing. The mechanism of plasticity allows the brain, which is highly resilient, to heal itself.
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Which of the following best describes how a scientist could accurately study the effects of soil buffering on plant growth in a region that is affected by acid deposition downwind of a coal-burning power plant?
Measure the changes in plant height over a year in two different groups of trees the same distance from the power plant; one group is in topsoil and one group is in topsoil with limestone added.
Limestone, the one independent variable in this study, can naturally buffer the acid in the rain. With the control group, this study would measure the effect of soil buffering on plant growth in a region affected by acid rain.
The best describes how a scientist could accurately study the effects of soil buffering on plant growth in a region that is affected by acid deposition downwind of a coal-burning power plant is measuring the changes in plant height over a year in two different groups of trees the same distance from the power plant; one group is in topsoil and one group is in topsoil with limestone added.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
Аcid rаin is one of the iconic environmentаl problems of the postindustriаl аge. Cаused primаrily by pollution from coаl-burning power plаnts, the deposition of strong аcids in precipitаtion hаs led to degrаdаtion of terrestriаl аnd аquаtic ecosystems аcross eаstern North Аmericа аnd western Europe.
To study the effects of soil buffering on plant growth in a region that is affected by acid deposition downwind of a coal-burning power plant, a scientist must measure the changes in plant height over a year in two different groups of trees the same distance from the power plant; one group is in topsoil and one group is in topsoil with limestone added.
Your options are incomplete, but most probably your full options can be seen in the Attachment.
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What is a karyotype?
Answer:
What is a karyotype?A. a way to test for chromosomal mutations
Explanation:
You're welcome.
We define karyotype as the set of chromosomes contained in the cells of an organism.
Morphologically, these chromosomes are identified, differentiated and classified according to the size and location of the centromere (region of the chromosome intermediate to the symmetrical or asymmetrical, short or long arms).
Classification of chromosomes:
Metacentric → Centromere positioned at the center of the chromosome; Submetacentric → Centromere displaced to one end of the chromosome; Acrocentric → Chromosome bearing a terminal sphere (satellite), located at the end of the short arm; Telocentric → Chromosome formed by only one arm, with strictly terminal centromere.
In order to determine and visualize the karyotype, making it possible to quantify the typical number of chromosomes of a species, it is necessary to interrupt the cell division process at the time of metaphase, the phase in which the chromosomes reach the maximum condensation.
In the human species, the karyotype of a diploid cell, for example, consists of 46 chromosomes, the last sex-defining pair (XX or XY – allosomal pair), differing the male and female gender (man and woman) and the other 22 pairs (autosomal - AA) responsible for decoding the other characteristics.
Thus, we have for a normal karyotype of the human species, the following possible representations:
Male karyotype → 22AA + XY or 46,XY
A woman's karyotype → 22AA + XX or 46,XX
honey possums lick nectar from flowers using a long tongue made of soft muscle. what evidence is this
Answer:
This proves that honey possums are more likely to be nectar pollinators which go from plant to plant pollinating them with the nectars they collected.
7 Summarize Copy and fill in the graphic
organizer below to summarize the main
stortyp
principles of the cell theory.
Cell theory explains the origin of cells and that all cells are originated from pre-existing cells.
What is cell theory?Cell theory is given by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann through observation of animal and plant cells.
The cell theory is crucial because it clarifies the idea of a cell and contains the subsequent postulates: The primary building block of life is the cell. All cells, or omnis cellula e cellula, develop from pre-existing cells. Cells comprise the basis of every living thing on Earth.
Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of communication that happens from one neuron to another neuron?A. Endocrine signaling (ex. hormones secreted into the blood stream travel and bind to receptors on distant cells) B. Retrograde neurotransmission (ex. the dendrite releases a neuroactive substance that binds to receptors on the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron)C. Electrical communication via propagation of action potential from one node of ranvier to the next node of ranvier D. Volume transmission (ex. neuropeptides diffuse away from the synapse and bind to receptors on adjacent cells) E. Electrical communication through gap junctions
The option is A; Endocrine signaling (ex. hormones secreted into the blood stream travel and bind to receptors on distant cells) .
Hormones produced into extracellular fluid disperse into the blood or lymph, where they can travel long distances throughout the body. Lipid-derived (soluble) hormones, such as steroid hormones, permeate through endocrine cell membranes.
They attach to transport proteins as they leave the cell, keeping them soluble in the circulation. Hormones search for target cells throughout the body, either in the bloodstream or in the fluid surrounding them. When hormones attach to particular protein receptors within or on the surface of a target cell, they precisely affect the cell's actions.
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which of the following describe two partially reproductively isolated populations that have become sympatric?
The following describes two partially reproductively isolated populations that have become sympatric are
Gene flow between the populations will occurThe populations may eventually become separate species through reinforcementThe populations may eventually lose their genetic distinctivenessSpeciаtion is the process by which new species form. It occurs when groups in а species become reproductively isolаted аnd diverge. In аllopаtric speciаtion, groups from аn аncestrаl populаtion evolve into sepаrаte species due to а period of geogrаphicаl sepаrаtion. In sympаtric speciаtion, groups from the sаme аncestrаl populаtion evolve into sepаrаte species without аny geogrаphicаl sepаrаtion.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full options were
A. Gene flow between the populations will occur.
B. The populations may eventually become separate species through reinforcement.
C. The populations will continue to be partially reproductively isolated.
D. The populations may eventually lose their genetic distinctiveness.
E. Hybrids will be inviable or infertile.
Thus, the correct options were A, B, and D.
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Which of the following factors are used to determine the climate of a region? Select all that apply. Check All That Apply - Temperature - Presence of a mountain range - Species that occupy an area - Rainta- Rainfall - Presence of a large body of water - Soil prit - Tilt of the Earth on its oxis
Rainfall ( - Presence of a large body of water) ,Temperature ( Presence of a mountain range ) are factors are used to determine the climate of a region
The amount of rainfall and sunlight-hence determining temperatures- that a region receives annually greatly determines its climate. Climate is the general weather patterns of a region studied for many years. The climate, on the other hand, affects the ecosystem of regions influencing the kind of plants and animals that it inhabits.
This is because it is natural for life to become adapted to specific climatic regions due to natural selection and evolution creating different species across different regions. The way predominant winds blow across a region also affects the climate because these winds may bring in seasonal rainfall or dryness/drought.
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Which of the following factors are used to determine the climate of a region? Select all that apply. Check All That Apply -
Temperature - Presence of a mountain range -
Species that occupy an area - Rainta-
Rainfall - Presence of a large body of water -
Soil prit - Tilt of the Earth on its oxis
Identify what determines the polarity of a chemical bond and summarize the consequences of this property for the solubility and hydrophobicity of a molecule or salt, as well as its ability to act as an acid or base.
In polar solvents, such as water, polar molecules are much more soluble. Hydrophobic nonpolar compounds are insoluble in water. Acidity rises with electronegativity whereas basicity falls.
Who are the hydrophobic groups?When something is hydrophobic, it won't dissolve in water. Hydrophobic compounds tend to have -CH2- sequences and rings as chemical groups (hydrocarbons). These chemicals are incapable of forming hydrogens, hence therefore have pretty modest surface free energies.
Is hydrophobic a bad word?The hydrophobic effect, as defined by thermodynamics, is the change in free energy in the water enclosing a solute. While a deleterious free energy fluctuation denotes hydrophilicity, a positive energy storage change of something like the aspect indicates hydrophobicity.
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Did Atom is the smallest level of organization
Answer: yes atom is the smallest level of organization
Explanation:
which of the following is the smallest carbohydrate? which of the following is the smallest carbohydrate? sucrose cellulose starch chitin glycogen
Sucrose is the smallest carbohydrate amongst the given carbohydrates as it is a disaccharide.
The correct option is option a.
Carbohydrates are basically macronutrients and are one of the main ways by which the human body derives its energy. They are known as carbohydrates as they consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides.
Among the given carbohydrates, sucrose is basically the only disaccharide and is composed of two monosaccharide units which are held together by the help glycosidic bond. Rest of the given carbohydrates, that is, cellulose, glycogen, chitin and starch are basically polysaccharides.
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About 70 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered, and about 96,5 percent of all Earth's water is salt water. Identity the watery feature on
Earth that is made of freshwater rather than salt water.
Answer: Lakes and freshwater rivers
Explanation: While about 96.5 percent of Earth's water is salt water found in oceans and seas, there are freshwater sources that make up a small percentage of Earth's water. Freshwater is essential for life and is found in lakes, rivers, and underground aquifers.
Lakes are large bodies of freshwater that are surrounded by land. They can vary in size, from small ponds to massive lakes like the Great Lakes in North America. These freshwater sources are replenished by precipitation, such as rain and snowmelt, and are often home to diverse ecosystems.
Freshwater rivers are flowing bodies of water that carry freshwater from higher elevations to lower elevations. They are essential for providing water to plants, animals, and human communities. Rivers are often used for transportation, agriculture, and as a source of drinking water.
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What is the function of the eustachian tube? O equalizes air pressure in the middle ear. O funnels sound onto the tympanic membrane. O transmits vibrations to the cochlea. O sends electrical impulses to the brain.
The Eustachian tube's functions include bringing fresh air into the middle ear cavity and balancing pressure between both the outer and center ears.
Eustachian tubes: what are they?The bottom of your esophagus and the middle ears are connected by eustachian tubes. They aid in ear fluid drainage and ear pressure balancing. Your eustachian tubes may occasionally become obstructed as a result of diseases, allergies, or colds.
How are Eustachian tube issues fixed?Decongestants or antihistamines are two popular treatments for Eustachian tube dysfunction. Sometimes, the problem could get worse as a result of this treatment. Contact your doctor if prescription medications or antidepressants do not relieve your symptoms. For treatment, you must visit an expert in ears, noses, and throats.
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dioxin, produced as a by-product of various industrial chemical processes, is suspected of contributing to the development of cancer and birth defects in animals and humans. it apparently acts by entering cells by simple diffusion and binding to proteins in the cytoplasm, then altering the pattern of gene expression. which of the following are likely to be the cytoplasmic proteins to which dioxin binds?
A. receptor tyrosine kinases
B. growth factor receptors C. transcription factors
D. ligand-gated ion channel receptors E. G protein-coupled receptors
(c) transcription factors are likely to be the cytoplasmic proteins to which dioxin binds
Transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA. Transcription factors include a wide number of proteins, excluding RNA polymerase, that initiate and regulate the transcription of genes. The transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Nanog act as triggers for the induction of somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells. Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Nanog are all essential in stem cells and play an important role in biological processes. According to recent data, the human genome encodes about 1500 regulatory sequence-specific DNA-binding factors (transcription factors, TFs) [7–9]. TFs constitute a large functional family of proteins directly regulating the activity of genes. There are 3 types of transcription factors: general, specific, and regulatory transcription factors.
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Why does the ball rolling westward appear to move east when observed from outside the truck?
because the truck is moving to the east faster than the ball is moving west.
Which direction do
free Hydrogen (H+)
ions move a solution
on the pH scale?
Answer:
acid
Explanation:
An acidic solution has a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H
+
+
start superscript, plus, end superscript), greater than that of pure water.
A cell in the leaf of a pine tree (a gymnosperm) has 20 chromosomes. If you examine a seed from this pine tree you would expect to find some cells with the following number of chromosomes (mark all that apply):
10
20
30
40
A gymnosperm, or pine tree leaf cell, has 20 chromosomes. This pine tree's seeds should include some cells with 10 and 20 chromosomes, if you were to inspect one.
How are the chromosomes located in endosperm?The right response is 3n. In the endosperm, there are 3n chromosomes. Triple fusion, as it is known, refers to the process of fusing three haploid nuclei to create the endosperm. There are 2n chromosomes in both plants and mammals.
Is haploid endosperm diploid?Gymnosperms have haploid endosperm. It is post-fertilization tissue in angiosperms, where it is often triploid in nature. In pre-fertilization tissues, it is equivalent to the female gametophyte, making it haploid in nature.
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BIOLOGY HELP PLEASE 30 POINTS
SEE IMAGE BELOW
Answer:
please explain what you want to know about this
Explanation:
TRUE/FALSE. a cell uses many methods to transport solutes across the plasma membrane. classify the descriptions as either simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, or bulk transport.
Answer:
Its True
Explanation:
Simple diffusion: directly through the cell membrane
Facilitated diffusion: down the concentration gradient
Active transport: against the concentration gradient
Bulk transport: movement of transport vesicles out of cell
FILL IN THE BLANK. One cause of genetic drift is _______, in which a small group of individuals leaves its home population and establishes a new, isolated settlement.
The founder effect, in which a small group of people departs from their native population and finds a brand-new, isolated community, is one factor contributing to genetic drift.
The founder effect, in terms of genetics, is the reduction in genomic variability that occurs when a small population splits off from a larger one. In terms of genotypes and physical characteristics, which may be very different from the original bigger population, the resulting new subpopulation will eventually resemble the original small, isolated group. The fact that some subgroups of the population are more likely to have certain genetic illnesses may also be explained by the founder effect. On rare occasions, a founder effect may aid in the emergence of new species. Due to the founder effect, the smaller group that separated from the larger population may have had less genetic diversity.
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DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN HEAT AND TEMPERATURE.
Answer:
The heat of an object is the total energy of all the molecular motion inside that object. Temperature is the measure of the thermal energy or average heat of the molecules in a substance. It's a measure of the number of atoms multiplied by the energy possessed by each atom.
Which of the following is appropriate for the box identified with a question mark?
1. Increased ESV
2. Decreased afterload
3. Decreased EDV
4. Increased contractility
An rise in contractility typically results in an increase in stroke volume and, as a result, preload. As according Starling's law of a heart, a rise in preload causes an increase in the force of contraction.
What occurs when contractility is higher?The intensity of myocyte contract, also known as inotropy, is referred to as contractility. The volume of the heart's stroke grows even as force of contraction rises because the heart can circulate more blood out of it.
What does the term "heart contractility" mean?ABSTRACT. When pressure (aortic pressure) and preload are present, the relative capacity of the heart to evacuate a stroke volume (SV) is known as contractility (end-diastolic volume; EDV).
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What is the single word (terminology) for the behavior of mast cells
Answer:
degranulation
Explanation:
The single word for the behavior of mast cells is "degranulation."
Alex is a physiologist studying the effect of diet on Olympic athletes. He hypothesizes that a calcium-enriched diet will decrease the race times of sprinters. Which of the following is the best argument of expected outcome?
A group of sprinters given the diet will show a greater decrease in race times compared to an otherwise similar group of sprinters not given the diet. Hence, option D is correct.
What are the effects of diet on Olympic athletes?Sports performance can be improved by a proper diet. The majority of an athlete's vitamin and mineral requirements should be covered by a well-planned, nutrient-rich diet, which also includes adequate protein to support muscle growth and repair. The diet should be built around foods high in unprocessed carbohydrates, such as wholegrain bread and cereals.
Thus, a group of sprinters given the diet will show a greater decrease in race times compared to an otherwise similar group of sprinters not given the diet. Hence, option D is correct.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the full question is this:
Alex is a physiologist studying the effect of diet on Olympic athletes. He hypothesizes that a calcium-enriched diet will decrease the race times of sprinters. Which of the following is the best argument of expected outcome?
Incorrect
A. A group of sprinters given the diet will show a decrease in muscle mass compared to an otherwise similar group of sprinters not given the diet.
B. A group of sprinters given the diet will show an increase greater increase in race times compared to an otherwise similar group of sprinters not given the diet.
C. A group of sprinters given the diet will show a greater increase in vigor compared to an otherwise similar group of sprinters not given the diet.
D. A group of sprinters given the diet will show a greater decrease in race times compared to an otherwise similar group of sprinters not given the diet.
E. A group of sprinters given the diet will show a greater increase in muscle mass compared to an otherwise similar group of sprinters not given the diet.
FILL IN THE BLANK A large scale wildfire that clears a large area of forest would begin the process of ________ succession.
A large-scale wildfire that clears a large area of forest would begin the process of secondary succession.
What is secondary succession?Ecologicаl succession is the process of chаnge in the species structure of аn ecologicаl community over time. It is а process by which аn ecologicаl community undergoes more or less orderly аnd predictаble chаnges following а disturbаnce or the initiаl colonizаtion of а new hаbitаt. Succession thаt begins in new hаbitаts, uninfluenced by pre-existing communities is cаlled primаry succession, whereаs succession thаt follows disruption of а pre-existing community is cаlled secondаry succession.
А clаssic exаmple of secondаry succession occurs in oаk аnd hickory forests cleаred by wildfire. Wildfires will burn most vegetаtion аnd kill those аnimаls unаble to flee the аreа. Their nutrients, however, аre returned to the ground in the form of аsh. Thus, even when аreаs аre devoid of life due to severe fires, the аreа will soon be reаdy for new life to tаke hold.
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