Which two statements help explain why digital storage of data is so reliable?

A. Memory chips are sturdy.

U B. Digital data usually deteriorate over time.

C. It is usually possible to recover data from a memory chip even

when the device containing it is broken.

D. Digital data are easier to copy than analog data are, making them

more accessible to thieves.

The two units for measuring the diameter of nucleus atom are femtometre and metre.

How do you measure the size of the nucleus ?

Nucleus size is expressed in fermi, often known as femtometers. between a lighter and a heavier nucleus. Despite its modest size, the nucleus contains the majority of an atom's mass. The weight or mass of the atom's nucleus and neutrons are determined by neutrons.

femtometre (fm), which equals [tex]10^{-15}[/tex] metre.

A nucleus' diameter largely depends as to how many particles it contains, from about 4 fm for a light nucleus like carbon to 15 fm for a heavy nucleus as lead.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The angular speed of the rotor is 200 rad/s.

The torque needed to be transmitted by the engine is 180 Nm.

The power of the rotor required to transmit energy to apply a torque τ to rotate a motor with angular speed ω,

P=τω

=180×200W

=36kW

Explanation:

gravitational potential energy = mgh (must be in S.I. unit)

m= 0.4 kg ; g= 10m/s (gravitational acceleration occurs); h=9.2 m

hence mgh=0.4×10×9.2= 36.8J

unit for energy is joules and since the variables are in S.I. unit, we can use Joules as the final unit for measurement

Answer:

36.06 J if you define g = 9.8 m/s² or 36.8 J if you define g = 10 m/s²

Explanation:

Potential Energy = Mass x Gravitational Acceleration x Height

It can be expressed as [tex]\displaystyle{PE = mgh}[/tex] where PE is potential energy, m is mass, g is gravitational acceleration and h is height.

In this case, we know mass is 0.40 kg and height of 9.2 m as well as gravitational acceleration is defined to be 9.8 m/s² (You can also define g = 10 m/s²)

Therefore, substitute given information in formula:

[tex]\displaystyle{PE=0.40 \ \times \ 9.8 \ \times 9.2 }\\\\\displaystyle{PE=36.06 \ J}[/tex]

With g = 10 m/s², you'll get:

[tex]\displaystyle{PE = 0.40 \ \times 10 \ \times 9.2}\\\\\displaystyle{PE = 36.8 \ J}[/tex]

Note that J is for joule unit.

Therefore, the answer is 36.06 J if you define g = 9.8 m/s² or 36.8 J if you define g = 10 m/s² - both work.

The orbiting speed of the satellite orbiting around the planet Glob is 60.8m/s.

To find the answer, we need to know about the orbital velocity a satellite.

= 60.8m/s

Thus, we can conclude that the speed of the satellite orbiting the planet Glob is 60.8m/s.

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The correct option is C.   Air resistance friction is not useful for an airplane because it slows it down.

Air resistance is the opposition to motion of an object caused by air flow.

High air resistance may cause turbulence during the motion of an air plane. This can lead to engine failure or some mishap during flight.

Air resistance is also a type of friction between air and another material such as airplane.

Friction between the air and the plane slows the airplane down. This is known as air resistance, or drag.

The faster an object travels through the air, the more it has to fight against drag.

Thus, air resistance friction is not useful for an airplane because it slows it down.

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The wavelength of A2 with frequency (110hz) is 3.01 m.

Wavelength of a sound wave is the distance between successive similar points in the wave such as rarefactions or compressions.

A tuba is a musical instrument that produces sound waves.

Wavelength is related to frequency and velocity by the formula below:

The wavelength of A2 with frequency (110hz) is 3.01 m.

In conclusion, the wavelength of a wave is inversely proportional to frequency.

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(a) The proton’s potential energy change is 3.6 x 10⁻¹⁸ J.

(b) The potential difference between the negative plate and a point midway between the plates is 11.25 V.

(c) The speed of the proton just before it hits the negative plate is 6.57 x 10⁴ m/s.

U = qΔV

where;

U = q(Ed)

U = (1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹)(1500 x 1.5 x 10⁻²)

U = 3.6 x 10⁻¹⁸ J

ΔV = E(0.5d)

ΔV = 0.5Ed

ΔV = 0.5 (1500)(1.5 x 10⁻²)

ΔV = 11.25 V

U = ¹/₂mv²

U = mv²

v² = 2U/m

where;

v² = (2 x 3.6 x 10⁻¹⁸) / ( 1.67 x 10⁻²⁷)

v² = 4.311 x 10⁹

v = √(4.311 x 10⁹)

v = 6.57 x 10⁴ m/s

Thus, the proton’s potential energy change is 3.6 x 10⁻¹⁸ J.

The potential difference between the negative plate and a point midway between the plates is 11.25 V.

The speed of the proton just before it hits the negative plate is 6.57 x 10⁴ m/s.

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The total current through the battery is 4.77 A.

The current through resistor R1 is 2.4 A.

The current through resistor R2 is 1.2 A

The current through resistor R3 is 0.8 A

The current through resistor R4 is 0.36 A.

The total resistance of the circuit is calculated as follows;

1/Rt = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + 1/R₄

1/Rt = 1/5 + 1/10 + 1/15 + 1/33

1/Rt = 0.397

Rt = 1/0.397

Rt = 2.518 ohms

I = V/Rt

I = 12/2.518

I = 4.77 A

I₁ = V/R₁

I₁ = 12/5

I₁ = 2.4 A

I₂ = 12/10

I₂ = 1.2 A

I₃ = 12/15

I₃ = 0.8 A

I₄ = 12/33

I₄ = 0.36 A

Thus, the total current through the battery is 4.77 A.

The current through resistor R1 is 2.4 A.

The current through resistor R2 is 1.2 A

The current through resistor R3 is 0.8 A

The current through resistor R4 is 0.36 A.

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The magnitude of the tension in the string marked A is 39.5 N.

The tension in A is determined thus:

The angle at A, θ = tan⁻¹(3/8) = 20.56

When extrapolated below negative x, the angle at B, α = tan⁻¹(5/4) = 51.34

When extrapolated below negative x, the angle at C, β = tan⁻¹(1/6) = 9.46

Taking the horizontal components of tension;

56.3cos(9.46) = A * cos(20.56) + B * cos(51.34)

0.6247B= 55.53 - 0.936A

B = (55.53 - 0.936A)/0.6247 ----(1)

Taking the vertical components of tension;

56.3 * sin(9.46) + A * sin(20.6) = B * sin(51.3)

9.25 + 0.35A = 0.78B  ---- (2)

substitute the value (1)  in (2)

9.25 + 0.35A = 0.78{(55.53 - 0.936A)/0.6247}

(9.25 + 0.35A) * 0.6247 = 43.31 - 0.73A

0.22A + 0.73A = 43.31 - 5.78

0.93A = 37.53

A = 39.5 N

In conclusion, the tension in A is determined by solving for the vertical and horizontal components of tension.

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Hi there!

Part A.

To solve this part, all we need to do is a summation of vertical forces.

We have the following acting on the beam :
- Force of gravity (Fg, down)
- Force of tension from the rope holding the box (T, down)
- Force exerted by pivot (Py, up)

These sum to zero because the beam is not accelerating vertically.

[tex]\Sigma F = -F_g - T + P_y = 0[/tex]

[tex]P_y = F_g + T[/tex]

The tension force is equal to the box's weight because the forces on the box are balanced. Let's use values and solve.

[tex]P_y = 49(9.8) + 49(9.8) = \boxed{960.4N}[/tex]

Part B.

We must begin by doing a summation of torques. Placing the pivot point at the pivot, we have the following present:
- Force of gravity acting at the center of mass of the rod (CC, at L/2)

- The tension of the horizontal cable acting at the end of the rod (CCW, at L)

- The force of tension in the rope holding the box (CC, at 3L/4)

Since the rod is not rotating, these torques sum to zero.

The equation for torque is:
[tex]\tau = r \times F[/tex]

This is a cross-product, and you must find the lever arm (perpendicular distance between pivot and line of action of force). We will need to use trigonometry for this.

Now, let's find the torque from all three of these forces.

- Force of gravity at center:

The perpendicular distance between the force of gravity and the pivot point is the cosine with respect to the angle made with the floor.

[tex]\tau = Mg\frac{L}{2}cos(\theta) = 49(9.8)*\frac{2.2}{2} cos(18) = 502.367 Nm[/tex]

- Tension of horizontal cable:

The lever arm is the sine with respect to the angle. We will still have to solve for the value of 'T'.

[tex]\tau = TLsin\theta = T(2.2)sin(18) = 0.68T[/tex]

- Tension of rope holding box:
The tension is equal to the weight of the box since the box isn't accelerating. Thus, the torque would be:
[tex]\tau = Mg(\frac{3L}{4}) = 49(9.8)*\frac{3(2.2)}{4}cos(18) = 753.55 Nm[/tex]

Summing with clockwise torques + and counterclockwise -:
[tex]\Sigma \tau = 502.367 + 753.55 - 0.68 T = 0 \\\\1255.917 = 0.68T\\T = \boxed{1847.38 N}[/tex]

Part C.

This part is a lot easier than it seems. All we need to do is a summation of horizontal forces.

We only have two:
- The horizontal tension in the cable to the left (1847.38 N)

- The horizontal force exerted by the pivot on the beam to the right

These two balance out because there is no acceleration of the beam horizontally, so:
[tex]\Sigma F = P_x - T = 0 \\\\P_x = T\\\\P_x = \boxed{1847.38 N}[/tex]

**to the right

Answer:

a) 960.4 N

b) T= 5/4 Mg CotanΘ

c) 1847. 38

Explanation:

a) Py= 2Mg

=2(49 x 9.8)

= 960.4

b) T= (Mg x 1/2 x cos Θ + Mg x 3/4 x cos Θ) / sin Θ

T= 5/4 X Mg cotanΘ

c) T= (5/4) x (49 x 9.8) cotan (18)

T= 1847.37954

= 1847.38

Since upward forces must be equal to the downward forces, the tension in the cable is 225.3 N

The two conditions are;

The given parameters are;

Tsinθ = mg

Tsin 66 = 21 x 9.8

T = 205.8 / 0.914

T = 225.3 N

Therefore, the tension in the cable is 225.3 N

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Answer:

See below

Explanation:

I will assume the force is in a DOWNWARD direction ( I believe it makes no answer difference)

Horizontal component is then 100 cos 36° =80.9 N

F = ma

80.9 = 25 kg  *a

a = 3.24 m/s^2

Answer:

See image

Explanation:

Plato

Maximum work done by the hammer on the is 10 J.

Force is added to the hammer in order to increase the power of the hammer; option B.

Work done is defined as the product of force and the distance travelled by force.

Energy is used to do work.

The potential energy of the hammer is converted to work done.

The maximum amount of work it could do on the nail is given below:

Maximum work = 1.5 * 9.81 * 0.7

Maximum work = 10 J

Force is added to the hammer in order to increase the power of the hammer.

In conclusion, the work done by the hammer is obtained from the potential energy of the hammer.

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Change in potential energy = 1.02 * 10⁶ J

Minimum work required of the hiker = 1.89 * 10⁶ J

The potential energy of a body is calculated as follows:

Change in potential energy = Final PE - Initial PE

Change in potential energy = mg(H - h)

Change in potential energy = 72.5 * 9.81 * (2660 - 1230)

Change in potential energy = 1.02 * 10⁶ J

The minimum work required of the hiker is the potential energy at the highest point.

Minimum work = mgH

Minimum work required of the hiker = 1.89 * 10⁶ J

In conclusion, potential energy is energy due to state or position of a body.

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(A) The spring constant of the spring is 4.94 N.

(B) The speed of the cart after pushing it is 0.47 m/s.

(C) The force applied to the cart is 0.75 N.

ω = √k/m

where;

0.5 rev/s = 0.5(2π) rad/s = π rad/s = 3.142 rad/s

ω² = k/m

k = mω²

k = 0.5 x (3.142)²

k = 4.94 N/m

E = ¹/₂kA²

where;

A is amplitude

E = ¹/₂(4.94)(0.15)²

E = 0.056 J

E = ¹/₂mv²

2E = mv²

v² = 2E/m

v² = (2 x 0.056)/(0.5)

v² = 0.224

v = √0.224

v = 0.47 m/s

E = ¹/₂FA

2E = FA

F = 2E/A

F = (2 x 0.056)/(0.15)

F = 0.75 N

Thus, the spring constant of the spring is 4.94 N. The speed of the cart after pushing it is 0.47 m/s. The force applied to the cart is 0.75 N.

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The solution for the three questions  is mathematically given as

Parts A and C are both zeros.

Part B B = 0.001855Tesla

Parts A and C are both zeros.

For component A, the magnetic field is zero since 12.6 cm is still inside the toroidal solenoid. Part C has no magnetic field since it is 20.7 cm outside of the toroidal solenoid.

Generally, the equation for  magnetic field is  mathematically given as

B = (mu_0*N*I)/(2*pi*r)

Therefore

B = ((4*pi*10^{-7})*180*8.40)/(2*pi*0.163)

B = 0.001855Tesla

In conclusion, the magnitude of the magnetic field at 16.3 cm from the center of the torus is

B = 0.001855Tesla

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Answer:

Part A & C: 0 T

Part B: 1.855*10^-3 T

Explanation:

The formula that models the magnetic field of a toroid is B=μ0*N*I/2π*r .

Note: Toroids keep their magnetic field rotating within the coils that carry current.

Part A & C: Thus the B field magnitude 12.6 cm & 20.7 cm away from the center is 0 T.

Part B: [tex]B=\frac{(4\pi *10x^{-7} )(180)(8.4 A)}{(2\pi )(16.3*10x^{-2} m)}[/tex]

B=1.855*10^-3 T

The angle of the red light is mathematically given as

[tex]\theta = 7.24 \textdegree[/tex]

Generally, the equation for the grating element is  mathematically given as

d= 1 / N

Therefore

d= 1/1965

d= 5.089 * 10^{-6} m

Generally, the equation for the  differential formula is  mathematically given as

[tex]d sin \theta = m\lambda[/tex]

Therefore

[tex]sin \theta = \lambda / d[/tex]

[tex]sin \theta= (640 * 10 ^ {-9} m)/(5.089 * 10 ^ {-6} m)[/tex]

[tex]\theta = 7.24 \textdegree[/tex]

In conclusion, The angle of the red light

[tex]\theta = 7.24 \textdegree[/tex]

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(1) The speed of light through vacuum is 3 x 10⁸ m/s.

(2) The speed of light in air at 30⁰C is 350 m/s.

(3) The speed of light in air at 0⁰C is 330 m/s.

(4) The transparent substance is glass.

(5) The color of light observed is red.

(6) The energy of a photon of red light is 2.85 x 10⁻¹⁹ J.

The speed of light through vacuum is 3 x 10⁸ m/s.

The speed of light in air at 30⁰C is 350 m/s.

The speed of light in air at 0⁰C is 330 m/s

n = speed of light in vacuum/speed of light in the substance

n = ( 3 x 10⁸ m/s) / ( 2 x 10⁸ m/s)

n = 1.5

The refractive index of glass is 1.5, thus, the transparent substance is glass.

f = v/λ

f = (3 x 10⁸) / (6.8 x 10⁻⁷)

f = 4.41 x 10¹⁴ Hz

The color of light observed is red based on the frequency and wavelength.

E = hf

E = (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴)(4.3 x 10¹⁴)

E = 2.85 x 10⁻¹⁹ J

Thus, the speed of light through vacuum is 3 x 10⁸ m/s.

The speed of light in air at 30⁰C is 350 m/s.

The speed of light in air at 0⁰C is 330 m/s.

The transparent substance is glass.

The color of light observed is red.

The energy of a photon of red light is 2.85 x 10⁻¹⁹ J.

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(1) The critical angles for the air is 90⁰,

(2) The critical angles for the polystyrene is 39.1 ⁰ and

(3) The critical angles for the flint glass is 37.2 ⁰.

θc = sin⁻¹( 1/η)

where;

Refractive index of air = 1

Refractive index of polystyrene = 1.5865

Refractive index of flint glass = 1.655

θc = sin⁻¹( 1/1)

θc = 90⁰

θc = sin⁻¹( 1/1.5865)

θc =  39.1 ⁰

θc = sin⁻¹( 1/1.655)

θc = 37.2 ⁰

Thus, the critical angles for the air is 90⁰, the critical angles for the polystyrene is 39.1 ⁰ and the critical angles for the flint glass is 37.2 ⁰.

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The minimum diameter of the steel wire is 7.58 mm.

Young's modulus = stress/strain

strain = e/l = (7.32 x 10⁻³ m) / (19.3 m) = 3.79 x 10⁻⁴

stress = Young's modulus  x  strain

stress = 200 x 10⁹ N/m²   x 3.79 x 10⁻⁴  = 7.59 x 10⁷ N/m²

stress = Force/Area

Area = Force/stress

Area = mg/stress

Area = (350 x 9.8) / (7.59 x 10⁷)

Area = 4.519 x 10⁻⁵ m²

Area = πd²/₄

πd²/₄ = 4.519 x 10⁻⁵ m²

πd² = 4(4.519 x 10⁻⁵)

d² = (4 x 4.519 x 10⁻⁵)/π

d² = 5.75 x 10⁻⁵

d = √(5.75 x 10⁻⁵)

d = 7.58 x 10⁻³ m

d = 7.58 mm

Thus, the minimum diameter of the steel wire is 7.58 mm.

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Radiation from the sun hits earth unequally and is absorbed by different materials in varying amounts. This is called differential heating.

Differential heating is the property that causes different surfaces to heat up and cool down at different rates. The earth's surface receives different magnitudes of solar radiation and also the earth's surfaces absorb thermal energy in different magnitudes.

The color, shape, texture, surface and presence of constructions can influence the heating or cooling of the earth.

The earth in the equator line is heated more by solar action than that of the poles, since it receives more amount of radiation per unit area.

In general, dry surfaces heat up and cool down faster than wet ones.

Therefore, we can confirm that when radiation from the sun hits earth unequally and is absorbed by different materials in varying amounts is called differential heating.

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(a) The magnitude of the force that the magnetic field exerts on the loop is 0.042 N.

(b) The direction of the force that the magnetic field exerts on the loop will be out of the plane.

F = BIL

where;

emf = BVb

where;

emf = 2.6 x 3 x 0.018 = 0.1404 V

Current in the loop, I = emf/R = 0.1404/0.8 = 0.18 A

F = BIL

where;

F = 2.6 x 0.18 x 0.09 = 0.042 N

The direction of the force that the magnetic field exerts on the loop will be out of the plane.

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Answer:

Average density of the crown: approximately [tex]8\; {\rm g \cdot mL^{-1}}[/tex].

Hence, if this crown contains no empty space, this crown is not made of pure gold.

Explanation:

Let [tex]m(\text{crown})[/tex] and [tex]V(\text{crown})[/tex] denote the mass and volume of this crown. Let [tex]g[/tex] denote the gravitational field strength.

Since this crown is fully immersed in water, the volume of water displaced [tex]V(\text{water, displaced})[/tex] is equal to the volume of this crown:

[tex]V(\text{water, displaced}) = V(\text{crown})[/tex].

The mass of water displaced would be:

[tex]\begin{aligned}m(\text{water, displaced}) &= \rho(\text{water}) \, V(\text{water, displaced}) \\ &= \rho(\text{water}) \, V(\text{crown})\end{aligned}[/tex].

The weight of water displaced would be [tex]m(\text{water, displaced})\, g = \rho(\text{water}) \, V(\text{crown})\, g\end{aligned}[/tex].

The buoyancy force on this crown is equal to the weight of water that this crown displaced:

[tex]F(\text{buoyancy}) = \rho(\text{water}) \, V(\text{crown})\, g[/tex].

The magnitude of this buoyancy force is [tex]7.84\; {\rm N} - 6.86\; {\rm N} = 0.98\; {\rm N}[/tex]. Rearrange the equation for buoyancy to find [tex]V(\text{crown})[/tex]:

[tex]\begin{aligned} V(\text{crown}) &= \frac{F(\text{buoyancy}) }{\rho(\text{water}) \, g}\end{aligned}[/tex].

Since the weight of this crown is [tex]\text{weight}(\text{crown}) = m(\text{crown})\, g[/tex], the mass of this crown would be [tex]m(\text{crown})= \text{weight}(\text{crown}) / g[/tex].

The average density of this crown would be:

[tex]\begin{aligned}\rho(\text{crown}) &= \frac{m(\text{crown})}{V(\text{crown})} \\ &= \frac{\text{weight}(\text{crown}) / g}{F(\text{buoyancy}) / (\rho(\text{water})\, g)} \\ &= \frac{\text{weight}(\text{crown})}{F(\text{buoyancy})}\, \rho(\text{water}) \\ &= \frac{7.84\; {\rm N}}{0.98\; {\rm N}}\times 1.000 \; {\rm g\cdot mL^{-1}} \\ &= 8.0\; {\rm g \cdot mL^{-1}}\end{aligned}[/tex].

The density of pure gold is significantly higher than [tex]8.0\; {\rm g\cdot mL^{-1}}[/tex]. Hence, if this crown contains no empty space (i.e., no air bubble within the crown), the crown would not be made of pure gold.

The tension in the upper rope is 50.53 N.

The tension in the upper rope is calculated as follows;

T(up) = T(dn) + mg

where;

T(up) = 12.8 N + (3.85 x 9.8) N

T(up) = 50.53 N

Thus, the tension in the upper rope is 50.53 N.

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Answer:

D. Impulse

Explanation: Hope this helps

The approximate uncertainty in the area of a circle is 5.4%.

A = πr²

where;

A = π(4.3 x 10⁴)²

A = 5.81 x 10⁹ cm²

Let the error in measurement = 1 x 10⁴ cm

A =  π(1 x 10⁴)² = 3.14 x 10⁸ cm²

% = (error/actual area) x 100%

% = ( 3.14 x 10⁸) / (5.81 x 10⁹) x 100%

% = 5.4 %

Thus, the approximate uncertainty in the area of a circle is 5.4%.

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The correct option is D.   The initial momentum of the blue and green train combined during the collision is 200 kgm/s.

Apply the principle of conservation of linear momentum as follows;

Pi = m1v1 + m2v2

where;

Pi = (50 x 4) + 30(0)

Pi = 200 kgm/s

Thus, the initial momentum of the blue and green train combined is 200 kgm/s.

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(a) The maximum height reached by Jane is 1.8 m.

(b) The length of the vine will affect the time of her motion, which will impact on speed and maximum height attained.

apply the principle of conservation of energy;

P.E = K.E

mgh = ¹/₂mv²

h = v²/2g

where;

h = (6²)/(2 x 9.8)

h = 1.84 m

Assuming Jane to be in simple harmonic motion, the time of motion is calculated as;

T =  2π√(L/g)

where;

Thus, the length of the vine will affect the time of her motion, which will impact on speed and maximum height attained.

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