why do some historians argue that the common experience of the frontier was one of hardships and failure?

Answers

Answer 1

Some historians argue that the common experience of the frontier was one of hardships and failure because the reality of frontier life was often very different from the romanticized version that was popularized in literature and popular culture. The reality of the frontier was that it was a harsh and unforgiving environment where settlers had to contend with a variety of challenges, including harsh weather conditions, disease, and attacks from Native Americans.

Additionally, many settlers were ill-prepared for the harsh realities of frontier life. They often lacked the necessary skills, resources, and knowledge to survive in the wilderness, which led to many failures and hardships. Furthermore, many settlers were lured to the frontier by the promise of free land, but the land was often poor quality, and the work needed to make it productive was backbreaking and often not profitable.

Moreover, the frontier was not a place of equal opportunities, as it was shaped by the political, economic and social dynamics of the time. Therefore, the homesteaders and small farmers who were seeking to establish their own farms and ranches were often at a disadvantage compared to the large corporations and wealthy speculators who were able to acquire large tracts of land and control the local economy.

In conclusion, historians argue that the common experience of the frontier was one of hardships and failure because the reality of frontier life was often very different from the romanticized version that was popularized in literature and popular culture. The frontier was a harsh and unforgiving environment where many settlers were ill-prepared for the harsh realities of frontier life and often failed to establish a successful livelihood.


Related Questions

Which native american alliance influenced the thinking of founders such as benjamin franklin in terms of how to strengthen the ties between the british colonies?

Answers

A. Iroquois Confederacy is a native American alliance that influenced the thinking of founders such as benjamin franklin in terms of how to strengthen the ties between the British colonies.

The Iroquois, Haudenosaunee, or Ongweh’onweh, are an Iroquoian-talking confederacy of First Nations peoples in northeast North us/Turtle Island. They were regarded at some point in the colonial years by the French as the Iroquois League, and later as the Iroquois Confederacy.

The Iroquois Confederacy dates back several centuries, to whilst the excellent Peacemaker founded it by uniting 5 nations: the Mohawks, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, the Oneida, and the Seneca. In round 1722, the Tuscarora state joined the Iroquois, also called the Haudenosaunee.

Iroquois Confederacy, or League of the Iroquois, Confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes throughout the upper big apple that in the 17th–18th century performed a strategic role in the warfare between the French and British for supremacy in North the united states.

The question is incomplete. Please read below to find the missing content.

Which Native American alliance influenced the thinking of Founders such as Benjamin Franklin in terms of how to strengthen the ties between the British colonies?

A. Iroquois Confederacy

B. Cherokee Alliance

C. Sioux Confederation

D. Navajo Nations

Learn more about the Iroquois Confederacy here https://brainly.com/question/8756278

#SPJ4

What are the major arguments put forward by proslavery advocates? How would you argue against their statements?

Answers

Slavery was an ancient cruel malpractice prevalent in all around the world until very recent times also.  For the banning of the slavery there were various arguments and some people were not willing to accept to ban it.

The major arguments the pro slavery advocates put were -the sudden end of slavery will hamper the cotton economy and economy of southern zone of U.S.A. The tobacco and rice plantation will also suffer a lot.

The defenders of slavery argued that slavery  existed from time immoral and in religious texts like Bible also says about the practice of slavery.  These arguments are absolutely baseless since slavery is the most dreaded form of torture existed in our society.

To know more about major arguments put forward by proslavery advocates here

https://brainly.com/question/17232104

#SPJ1

International trade and globalization after 1945 have helped to support peace among the great powers. True or false?.

Answers

This statement is true

What is the importance of international trade?Trade is central to ending global poverty.Countries that are open to international trade tend to grow faster innovate, improve productivity and provide higher income and more opportunity to their people.Open trade also benefits lower income households by offering consumers more affordable goods and services.

International trade and globalization after 1945 have helped to support peace among the great powers. This statement is true.

     The possessions of nuclear weapons and nuclear deterrence have helped support peace among the great powers after World War ll.

  The collapse of the soviet union helped reduce the risk of civil war around the world.

International trade:   It is a central driving force behind globalization, a process of integration among the countries and people.According to economic theory, as technological development drives down transaction cost (communication, transport), cross border trade and investment will increase.

How does trade connect tom globalization?

The integration of national economies into a global economic system has been one of the most important development of the last century. This process of integration often called globalization , has materialized in a remarkable growth in trade between countries.

Learn more about international trade and globalization here:

https://brainly.com/question/27626487

#SPJ4

What is the old age belief that spirts and forces reside in animals objects or dreams

Answers

Answer:

Animism

Explanation:

During reconstruction, which political party was supported by the kkk and the white league

Answers

Answer:

Democratic

Explanation:

How did social organization benefit humans?

Answers

In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and social groups.

The first modern management articles were published in ________ journals.

Answers

Answer:

Engineering journals

Explanation:

Answer these questions in two or three sentences: was the marshall plan successful? how did it help participants?

Answers

The Marshall Plan was very successful as it contributed greatly to the rapid renewal of the western European chemical, engineering, and steel industries.

What was the Marshall Plan?

It should be noted that the Marshall Plan was very successful as the western European countries involved experienced a rise in their gross national products of 15 to 25 percent during this period.

It should be noted that the plan contributed greatly to the rapid renewal of the western European chemical, engineering, and steel industries. In their case, this aid provided much needed capital and materials that enabled Europeans to rebuild the continent's economy.

Also, for the United States, the Marshall Plan provided markets for American goods, created reliable trading partners, and supported the development of stable democratic governments in Western Europe.

Therefore, by the time the Marshall Plan ended in 1951, industrial production in Western Europe had risen 40 percent above the prewar level. Also, trade and exports also increased far above what they were before the war. People had returned to work and their standard of living was rising.

Learn more about Marshall Plan on:

brainly.com/question/1373135

#SPJ1

Answer: The Marshall Plan was largely successful. It helped Western European countries rebuild and grow their economies after World War II. It was also successful in helping contain communism in Europe.

Explanation:  Edmentum

Look at image.

Art created from blue tiles with a flowering pattern.

What art style is this an example of?

calligraphy
astrolabe
arabesque
mosaic

Answers

The answer is C. Arabesque

difference between 13th 14th and 15th amendment? please help

Answers

The 13th amendment abolished slavery, the 14th amendment gave citizenship to anybody born in the U.S., and the 15th amendment gave voting rights to everyone, regardless of race, gender, and ethnicity. How? Well, see below for an explanation!

The 13th Amendment, established completely in December 6, 1865, was an amendment that arguably abolished slavery and any form of involuntary servitude in the United States of America. This occurred under Abraham Lincoln’s administration, and was used as a gradual attempt at slavery vanquishment. The 14th amendment, established completely on July 9, 1868, was a newly ordered conduct allowing anybody citizenship who was born in the U.S.. Similar to the 13th amendment, this was an attempt at more freedom for people living in the U.S.. The 15th amendment, established completely on February 3, 1870, was an amendment in which everybody earned voting rights. This ratification was very crucial to the United States because many people had different opinions and biases on whether certain people should vote. Because the U.S. was very discriminatory at this time not only toward blacks, but toward women as well, this amendment sparked controversy throughout the South and led to gradual secession in states that would later form the Confederate States of America. If you need extra help, let me know and I will gladly assist you.

Roughly ____ of all german casualties in world war ii came in the battle against the soviet union.

Answers

Roughly 80% of all german casualties in world war ii came in the battle against the soviet union.

Soviet Union:

From 1922 to 1991, the Soviet Union, formally known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, occupied a large portion of Eurasia.

The Russian-dominated Soviet Union expanded to include 15 republics, including Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Belorussia, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Latvia, during the course of the decades after its founding.

Russia and the Soviet Union are not the same things, but they are nonetheless connected. Both phrases are used colloquially, but the term Soviet Union was originally used in place of the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), whereas Russia was merely a statue.

Learn more about the Soviet Union here:

https://brainly.com/question/10173240

#SPJ1

Why has Tourism grown so fast in the SA since 1994

Answers

The rise in arrivals from African land markets is what has contributed to the increase in overall arrivals. Arrivals increased more quickly in South Africa than the compound annual growth rate of the entire world. Between 2003 and 2007, R282 billion was added to the economy as a result of immigration.

Describe Narendra Singh in 20 words.

Answers

The picture provided is Mahendra Singh of Patiala, his other name is Mohinder Singh. He was the Maharaja of Patiala in the Subcontinent.

What is SubContinent?

Subcontinent was a part in Asia, in present world it is known as India and Pakistan and Bangladesh. The areas of these three countries were cumulatively known as the Sub continent as the three countries were amalgamated into one before the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947.

Mahendra Singh Patiala was born in 1852 and died in 1876, He was only 23 years old when he died. He ruled the area known as Patiala at a very young age. He started ruling the Patiala at the age of 10 in the year 1862, and kept ruling until his last breath in the year 1876.

Mahendra Singh was famous for his ruling the Patiala since he was a child.

Learn more about Subcontinent at https://brainly.com/question/27163855

#SPJ1

What percentage of the cherokee population was lost in the forced removal to oklahoma territory?

Answers

They lost 74% of our treaty territory

1. What significance did Mohandas Gandhi have on India's independence movement?​

Answers

Mohandas  Gandhi joined INC after returning to India in 1920 on the request of his mentor Gopal Krishna Gokhle.

He first participated in Kheda Movement (1917-1918) , Champaran (1917) movement. Later on gave leadership to independence movement - Non cooperation (1920), Civil Disobedience (1930), Quit India Movement (1942), Khilafat movement ( 1919).

He believed in non-violent revolt and was influenced by the idea of John Ruskin, Bhagavat Gita, Bible , Emerson Thoreu, Leo tolstoy.

He is called "Father of the nation" in  modern India. Gandhi advocated independence for India using non- violence resistance form which he called Satyagraha. This helped India to gain independence from British.

To know more about What significance did Mohandas Gandhi have on India's independence movement here

https://brainly.com/question/15212821

#SPJ1

Is the following question a strong research topic? “What is the best tasting fruit in the world?”
A. No, it is too broad
B. No, it is too narrow
C. Yes
D. No, it is too subjective

Answers

Answer:

D. No, it is too subjective

Explanation:

its like when a restaurant says they have the best pizza in the world

its more like an opinion

theres no way to verify it

The following topic “What is the best-tasting fruit in the world?” is not a good topic for research as it is too subjective. The result of the research can be challenged by many people. Therefore, D is the correct option.

What is research?

Research is a systematic and creative study to increase the knowledge of the individual upon a topic that belongs to a particular subject. It is ultimately a process of creating new learning with the help of existing knowledge. Research involves many steps. These steps are the collection, organization, and analysis of information on a topic in order to increase the understanding and knowledge of the topic.

Research not only helps in improving the knowledge base but also paves the way for future research. The topic of the research should be general and in a wider and broader perspective in order to give a broader knowledge to society.

Thus, the following topic, “What is the best-tasting fruit in the world?” is not a good topic for research as it is too subjective. The result of the research can be challenged by many people. Therefore, D is the correct option.

To know more about research, visit the link below:

https://brainly.com/question/24174276

#SPJ5

WILL GOVE BRANLIEST!! what did bosnia and herzegovina 1992-1995 experience during the holocaust?

Answers

Answer:   “ethnic cleansing”. Ethnic cleansing at the time included extermination, mass sexual assault, torture, destruction of private and public property, and inhumane treatment of civilians. As a result of the subsequent civil war, which lasted from 1992 to 1995, 100,000 people were killed, 80 percent of whom were Bosniaks. Since the Holocaust, it was Europe's largest massacre.

HELPPP!!! QUICKK PLEASEEE WHOEVER ANSWERS THE FASTEST GETS BRAINLIESTT!! How might Madison’s work with the Constitution have helped him as a president?

Answers

James Madison, America's fourth president from 1809 to 1817, collaborated with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton on the Federalist Papers, which had a substantial impact on the Constitution's ratification. Later on, he was referred to as the "Father of the Constitution."

To become the fourth president of the United States, James Madison defeated Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1745–1825) in the 1808 presidential election. The embargo produced problems for Madison since Britain and France continued to assault American ships.

In his State of the Union address in 1815, Madison promoted supporting Henry Clay's American System, which implemented laws aimed at uniting the East and the West in a single market. Protective tariffs, a national road system, and a national bank were some of these measures.

To know more about James Madison refer to:   https://brainly.com/question/2145341

#SPJ1

what would you put in an introduction about industrial revolution ?

Answers

In an introduction to the industrial revolution it is important to highlight that this period helped to alleviate increase crop yields.

What was the industrial revolution?

The industrial revolution was a period in which manufactures and products began to be developed in series.

This phenomenon enabled the production of products at a higher scale, a process associated with the increase in overall productivity in agriculture.

In conclusion, in an introduction to the industrial revolution it is important to highlight that this period helped to alleviate increase crop yields.

Learn more about the industrial revolution here:

https://brainly.com/question/13323062

#SPJ1

In your opinion, how does the literature of this period influence future generations of American literature

Answers

It influences future generations by inspiring them to achieve a higher level of accomplishments by the comparison of knowledge allows different generations to expand their knowledge as well.

________ was the main street of ancient rome, which ran through the roman forum.

Answers

The Via Sacra was the main street of ancient Rome, which ran through the roman forum.

From the top of Capitoline Hill, via some of the most significant religious monuments of the Forum (where it is the widest roadway), and on to the Colosseum, the Via Sacra served as ancient Rome's principal thoroughfare.

The road was a section of the ancient route of the Roman Triumph, which started outside the city and passed by the Roman Forum. The road served as the backdrop for many of Rome's historical triumphs and tragedies, as well as the somber religious celebrations, the great victories of victorious generals, and the daily crowd gathering in the basilicas to converse, gamble, conduct business, or obtain justice. Later, it was paved, and under Nero, it was bordered by colonnades.

To learn more about ancient Roman roads here,

https://brainly.com/question/12655053

#SPJ4

Which two cities came to be recognized as the cultural capitals of Islam during the Middle Ages?​

Answers

The two cities that were recognized as the cultural capitals of Islam in the Middle Ages were Baghdad and Cordoba.

Which cities were Islamic cultural capitals?

Baghdad in present-day Iraq was the capital of Islamic culture and opulence thanks to being a center of trade.

The Uma-yyads in Spain also built Cordoba to be a major cultural center for Islam.

Find out more on the Uma-yyads at https://brainly.com/question/1365279.

#SPJ1

With the passage of the disaster relief act of 1974, which federal agency possessed the most significant authority for natural disaster response and recovery?

Answers

With the passage of the disaster relief act of 1974, the federal agency which possessed the most significant authority for natural disaster response and recovery is Department of Housing and Urban Development.

The department of housing and urban development possessed the most significant authority for natural disaster response and recovery. This existed through the National Flood Insurance Program under the Federal insurance administration and the federal disaster assistance administration.

The disaster management operations extended down to local levels . There were various other organization which led to confusion during disaster response efforts. In response to this increased confusion and turfed wars a group of state civil defense directors launched an effort to consolidate Federal emergency management activities into single agency.

Learn more about Disaster from:

https://brainly.com/question/26342911

#SPJ4

Two of johnson's great legislative accomplishments were:_____.
a. war on poverty.
b. the great society.
c. civil rights acts.
d. voting rights act.

Answers

Two of johnson's great legislative accomplishments were: c. civil rights Act.

After taking office, he won significant tax cuts, the Clean Air Act, and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. After the 1964 election, Johnson passed even broader reforms. The 1965 Social Security Reform created two state health care programs: Medicare and Medicaid.

This pivotal act was followed by the Higher Education Act of 1965, which increased federal funding for colleges and universities, created student scholarships and soft loans, and placed teachers in impoverished areas of the United States. A National Teachers Association was established for the state.

Learn more about civil rights Act. here: https://brainly.com/question/10584148

#SPJ4

What prompted revolts in latin and central america in the early nineteenth century?.

Answers

Napoleon invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) in 1807 and 1808.

What was the catalyst for the early nineteenth-century revolutions in Latin and Central America?

In the Atlantic World of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, political upheavals and independence movements challenged the foundations of the empire. The American, French, and Haitian revolutions gave rise to fresh displays of individual rights and freedom that started to influence comparable activities in the colonies of Latin America.

Early 1800s reforms in imperial administration may have sparked Latin American independence movements. New bureaucratic reforms in the eighteenth century created considerable unease in the American colonies after many years of local government that was rather independent and with the minimal metropolitan intrusion.

Whatever issues these changes brought about were exacerbated by the French invasion of Portugal and Spain in 1808. Some colonies in Latin America founded their own governments as a result of Napoleon's interference with regal authority.

Learn more about the revolts in Latin and Central America with the help of the given link:

brainly.com/question/22707673

#SPJ4

Why were casualties of civilian populations high during World War I?

A was the result of a measles outbreak in 1916.

B It was the result of fighting on multiple fronts.

C It was the result of most nations participating in total war.

D It was the result of newly invented machine guns.

Answers

Answer C

Hope this helps!

"hippies" were often seen carrying a flower or wearing them in their hair. which response best describes what flowers symbolize for those who identified as a hippie?

Answers

Answer: hello! so i my self am a hippie. and too me and my friends (also hippies) it means peace. the flower to us shows peace and happiness. it shows were calm and not always collected but most of the time at peace ! ☮️✌️

Explanation:

Answer: flowers refer to “ flower power” or non-violence and passive resistance

Explanation: hippies are known for their non-violent and peaceful outlook, there’s a certain type of empowerment in being above violence

The term recognized is defined as

establishing political relations with another nation.
putting one nation in charge of another.
moving from one nation to another.
protesting one nation’s control over another.

Answers

The Term Recognized is defined as gaining political and legal validity from other nations, hence establishing political relations with another nation.

Recognition of A Nation In International Law, Recognition of a State is very important for establishing a legal relationship with other states in matters of business or Military alliance.

By Recognition, International Law suggests a legal validity to diplomatic relations by gaining recognition of being a State or Government from another 'recognized' state.

Learn more about Nation here:

brainly.com/question/25192887

#SPJ1

Answer: A) Establishing political relationships with another nation

Explanation: Did the test, hope this helps, keep up the work my guy.

The expansionist policies of what country—which led successful military campaigns in china, korea, and other countries—were ended in world war ii?

Answers

Answer:Japan

Explanation:

Prior the era of industrialization Japan was known as an isolationist nation but upon being forced to open its doors by the united sates in 1853 the once isolationist nation realized that a new era had begun and adapted by beginning to expand and embraced the era of industrization.

Two recent periods of large-scale bureaucratic expansion were ________. the 1930s and the 1960s the 1920s and the 1980s

Answers

Two recent periods of large-scale bureaucratic expansion were the 1930s and the 1960s. the 1930s and the 1960s the 1920s and the 1980s. This is further explained below.

What is the bureaucratic activity?

Generally, The decision-making process is effectively slowed down due to the systems and procedures that have been put into place. They were developed with the purpose of preserving order and consistency across the organization. In the context of governments and other big organizations, such as businesses, the term "bureaucracy" refers to the systems that are often put in place.

In conclusion, The 1930s through the 1960s were decades that saw significant increases in bureaucratic activity on a broad scale. the 1920s and the 1980s, and the 1930s and the 1960s respectively.

Read more about bureaucratic activity

https://brainly.com/question/7523115

#SPJ1

Other Questions
What was 1050s Culture like.What was the music? Fashion and fads like? What new toys were out there for kids? Explain in a paragraph of 7-8 sentences Starlight Glassware Company has the following standards and flexible-budget data.Standard variable-overhead rate $4.00 per direct-labor hourStandard quantity of direct labor 2hours per unit of outputBudgeted fixed overhead $100,000Budgeted output 25,000unitsActual results for February are as follows:Actual output 20,000 unitsActual variable overhead $240,000Actual fixed overhead $94,000Actual direct labor 54,000 hoursRequired: Use the variance formulas to compute the following variances. (Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting "Favorable" or "Unfavorable". Select "None" and enter "0" for no effect (i.e., zero variance).)1.Variable-overhead spending variance2.Variable-overhead efficiency variance3.Fixed-overhead budget variance Solve for the amount of molecules of H2O if a container has 2.22 moles of H2O in it.Please help Compute the length of the curve r(t)=4cos(5t),4sin(5t),t^3/2) over the interval 0t2. heat in a room from an air register moves from warmer areas to cooler areas of the room due to _____. health care professionals should not interpret negatively a patients lack of eye contact.T/F theories of aging can be examined from two perspectives, one of which is the _____ theory. A laser emits 4.7 10^19 photons per second from an excited state with energy E2 3.98 eV . The lower energy level is E1 = 0 eV Part A What is the wavelength of this laser? Express your answer with the appropriate units. = 1 Part B What is the power output of this laser? Express your answer with the appropriate units. A ? Calculate the [H3O+] of a 0.10 M solution of NH4Cl in H2O at 25C (Kb forNH3 = 1.8 x 105)O 1.8 x 10-5O 2.4 x 10-5O 5.6 x 10-10O 1.8 x 10-6O 7.5 x 10-6 Establish a "handshake" for primitive authentication. a. After connection, the first thing the client is to transmit is the username of the client's owner (obtained from the OS using Java). b. The server should check its first received message against its own username (obtained from the OS using Java) to ensure they match. If they do not match, the server should disconnect and exit. Client should check for a response (which should be the new random port-see c. below), but if receiving a "null", client should exit. c. You may test the username handshake by (temporarily) having the client send an incorrect username to verify the server detects this, and that the disconnects and exits are accomplished appropriately. d. Server then should open a new random port (ServerSocket(0)) and transmit this new port to the client. e. Client should then connect to the new port received from the server and be ready for user input rank the ions in each set in order of increasing size. a. li , k , na b. se2 , rb , br c. o2 , f , n3 Absorption of small peptide chains into enterocytes utilizes a unique active transport mechanism linked to which ion?MagnesiumPotassiumChlorideCalciumHydrogen Victor and Ellen are software engineers working on a popular mobile app. Victor has been in his position for 10 years longer than Ellen, who is a recent graduate. During the development of a new feature, Ellen expressed her concern that VIctor's purpose code would create instability in the app. Victor told Ellen he would address her concern with their supervisor. When Victor met privately with his supervisor, he claimed that he had discovered the problem, and that Ellen had dismissed it. Which principle of the Software Engineering Code of Ethics has Victor violated?A. Principle 6: Profession B. Principle 7: Colleagues C. Principle 3: Product D. Principle 8: Self The perimeter of a rectangular field is 120 metres, and its length is 4 times its width. What is the area of the field in square metres? consider the following reaction: a2 b2 2ab h = 377 kj the bond energy of ab=522 kj/mol, the bond energy of b2 = 405 kj/mol. what is the bond energy of a2? group of answer choices Create a Python program that calculates a user's weekly gross and take-home payI have this so far:print('\n Paycheck Calculator')print()# get input from userhoursWorked = float(input("Enter Hours Worked:"))payRate = float(input("Enter Hourly Pay Rate:"))grossPay = hoursWorked * payRateprint("Gross Pay: " + str(grossPay)) P company a Mexican subsidiary of a US company, sold equipment costing 200,000 pesos with accumulated depreciation of 75,000 pesos for 140,000 pesos on 3/1/2018. The equipment was purchased on 1/1/2017. Relevant exchange rates for the peso are as follows:1/1/2017 $0.1103/1/2018 $0.10612/31/2018 $0.102Average 2018 $0.105The financial statements for P are translated by its US parent. What amount of gain or loss would be reported in its translated income statement?The financial statement for P are remeasured by its US parent. What amount of again of loss would be reported in its translated income statement?Answers: $1590 and $1090Show steps A US farmer or manufacturer selling certified organic food must pass USDA inspections at every step of production. (True or False) please help me!! 1. Stefan y Damon _ a la fiesta. (ir)2. Nosotros _ las palabras. (decir)2. Mis padres _ mucho dinero. (tener)4. Los estudiantes _ la tarea. (hacer) You are creating a model showing the distances between colored balls which represent the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun. The Earth is about 240 thousand miles from the Moon and about 93 million miles from the Sun. In your model, represent one million miles with one step. Which of the following statements are correct? Select the two that apply.A. The Moon should be 240 steps away from the Earth.B. The Earth should be 93 steps away from the Sun.C. The Moon should be less than one step away from the Earth.D. The Earth should be 5 steps away from the Sun.