No, In a PCR-based Alu assay, the presence of Alu repetitive sequences is detected. These sequences exist on both chromosomes, so if both chromosomes do not contain Alu, the assay will not detect them.
Furthermore, if one of the chromosomes contains Alu and the other does not, the PCR-based Alu assay will detect the presence of Alu by producing a DNA band.Therefore, the answer to the question is no, we won't see a DNA band in an Alu PCR assay if both chromosomes are negative for Alu. If both chromosomes are lacking Alu, PCR primers will not find their complementary sequence in the template DNA and thus no PCR product will be generated.
To summarize, the PCR-based Alu assay tests for the presence of Alu repetitive sequences in the template DNA, and the assay detects the presence of Alu by producing a DNA band. If the template DNA does not contain Alu, the PCR-based Alu assay will not detect it, and no DNA band will be produced.
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What happened concerning slavery as a result of the Civil War? a. The 13th Amendment abolishes slavery. b. The 12th Amendment abolishes slavery . c. The 10th Amendment abolishes slavery.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1865 in the aftermath of the Civil War, abolished slavery in the United States.
Welfare capitalism emerged in the 1920s in part to. A. win government pensions for the elderly. B. stop unionization. C. ensure workers' health
Option - C: Welfare capitalism emerged in the 1920s in part to ensure workers' health.
Workers had long been subjected to unsafe working conditions, long hours, and low pay in the industrial era. This led to the formation of labor unions, which struggled for better working conditions and higher wages.Welfare capitalism was a reaction to the labor movement's demands for better working conditions, higher wages, and more job security. Employers implemented this system to provide workers with more comprehensive benefits, including healthcare, pensions, and profit-sharing plans.
They hoped that these benefits would discourage employees from joining labor unions and, in turn, prevent unionization.Welfare capitalism's rise can also be attributed to increased government involvement in the economy during the 1920s. The government implemented policies that sought to create a healthy and stable economy. Employers viewed welfare capitalism as a way to demonstrate their social responsibility and align themselves with the government's goals.Thus the correct answer is Option-C: ensure workers' health.
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what did louis napoleon bonaparte do when the national assembly sought to replace him as president of france?
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte dissolved the National Assembly when they sought to replace him as President of France. In response to the socialist and republican ideas of the time, the government introduced a range of social and economic reforms, including the establishment of national education, the expansion of social welfare programs, and the introduction of the Labor Code.
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte dissolved the National Assembly when they sought to replace him as President of France. When the National Assembly sought to remove him from power, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte responded by dissolving the National Assembly and establishing himself as the sole ruler of France.The Bonapartist regime was characterized by authoritarianism, censorship, and suppression of dissent, as well as the establishment of a powerful secret police force. The regime would also implement a range of social and economic reforms, including the establishment of national education, the expansion of social welfare programs, and the introduction of the Labor Code.The government was authoritarian and reactionary, characterized by censorship, repression of opposition, and the establishment of a strong police force. In response to the socialist and republican ideas of the time, the government introduced a range of social and economic reforms, including the establishment of national education, the expansion of social welfare programs, and the introduction of the Labor Code.
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why was the fall of the berlin wall a significant moment?
The dissolution of East Germany and the formal reunification of the German state following the democratic lines of the West German Basic Law took place on 3 October 1990, 339 days after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, and was the first significant step toward German reunification.
What is meant by German reunification?German reunification, which took place between 2 May 1989 and 15 March 1991, was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single sovereign state. The Cold War and, finally, the Soviet Union, began to end with the collapse of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989. On October 3, 1990, West Germany and Soviet-occupied East Germany, also known as the German Democratic Republic, were reunited. A year later, the Soviet Union fell apart. The People's Chamber and the Bundestag approved a unification treaty in September, and on October 3 it came into force. The two halves of divided Berlin were united into one Land, and the German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic as five extra Länder.To learn more about German reunification, refer to:
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How did General Grant’s total war strategy affect the presidential election of 1864?
It made Lincoln a popular candidate for the Democratic Party, which approved of Grant’s strategy.
It allowed Sherman to capture Atlanta, which increased Lincoln’s popularity in the election.
It horrified many voters in the North, who decided to support Andrew Johnson instead of Lincoln.
It lost Lincoln support among abolitionists, who wanted him to focus on freeing enslaved workers instead.
Answer:
It made people become more wearier and tink carefully to pick someone higghly intellingent
Explanation:
argentina once had an economy with gdp per capita larger than japan, south korea, and spain. however, since 1900 it has largely failed to grow. the story of argentina highlights how growth is over time and may happen in leaps and spurts. please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices always nonexistent always linear always constant not always constant
Argentina once had an economy with GDP per capita larger than japan, south Korea, and Spain .The correct answer is "not always constant".
The case of Argentina's economy illustrates that economic growth is not always constant over time, and can instead occur in fits and starts. While Argentina was once a prosperous and growing economy, it has since struggled to maintain that level of growth due to a variety of factors, including political instability, economic mismanagement, and external shocks such as commodity price fluctuations and global financial crises. This highlights the fact that economic growth is a complex and multifaceted process that is influenced by a wide range of internal and external factors, and is not always predictable or constant over time.
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who achieved the first patent for a type composing machine in 1825 called the linotype machine?
In 1825, the first patent for a type composing machine was awarded to German inventor Ottmar Mergenthaler.
What is Linotype machine?Ottmar Mergenthaler was the person who first patent for a type composing machine in the year 1825 called as the linotype machine. The linotype machine revolutionized printing by allowing for faster typesetting.
The linotype machine was a mechanical typesetting machine that was first used in 1886 by the New York Tribune. It was an improvement over the typecasting machine and was later widely adopted by newspapers and book publishers. The linotype machine allowed for faster and more efficient typesetting, which led to the expansion of the printing industry.
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she went into orbit on the space shuttle endeavour in 1992 becoming the first african american woman in space. who is she?
The person being referred to is Dr. Mae Jemison, an American engineer, physician, and former NASA astronaut.
In 1992, she became the first African American woman to go to space aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour as a science mission specialist on the STS-47 mission. During her eight-day mission, Dr. Jemison conducted experiments in material science, life sciences, and human adaptation to weightlessness. Prior to her career as an astronaut, Dr. Jemison earned degrees in chemical engineering and African and African-American astronaut studies. She also worked as a Peace Corps Medical Officer in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Dr. Jemison is known not only for her pioneering work in space exploration but also for her advocacy for science education and technology development in underserved communities.
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what happened in gallatin, missouri that helped fan the flame that led to the mormon war in missouri?
In 1838, what happened in Gallatin, Missouri that helped fan the flame that led to the Mormon War in Missouri was the "Election Day Battle at Gallatin" in which a group of Mormons tried to vote during the local elections but was prevented from doing so by non-Mormons.
In the "Election Day Battle at Gallatin" which happened on August 6, 1838, the Mormons (Non-Latter-day Saints) were prevented to vote in the local election by the non-Mormons. Then the Mormons went to the county clerk to file charges, but the clerk refused.
A few days later, a fight broke out between Mormons and non-Mormons in Gallatin, which resulted in the non-Mormons burning down a Mormon-owned store and home. This incident, combined with other incidents of violence and tension between Mormons and non-Mormons in Missouri, helped fuel the Mormon War, which was a series of conflicts between Mormons and their non-Mormon neighbors in Missouri in the mid-19th century.
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wreckage from an 1894 collision between two vessels was found at the bottom of which great lake?
The wreckage from the 1894 collision between the vessels SS Jay Gould and SS Michigan was found at the bottom of Lake Michigan.
The Great Lakes have a rich history of shipping and trade, but also a tragic history of shipwrecks due to unpredictable weather conditions and treacherous waters. The discovery of the SS Michigan wreckage in 2006 shed light on a little-known event in Great Lakes history and allowed historians and researchers to better understand the circumstances surrounding the collision. The wreckage serves as a reminder of the risks involved in navigating the Great Lakes and the importance of safety measures for ships and their crews.
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what was the name of the treaty in 1915 the allies promised italy the dalmatian coast, in an effort to convince italy to join the allies after it renounced the triple alliance?
The Treaty of London was signed in 1915 between Italy and the Allied Powers. The treaty promised Italy the Dalmatian Coast in exchange for joining the Allied Powers after Italy renounced the Triple Alliance.
The name of the treaty in 1915 that the allies promised Italy the Dalmatian coast is the Treaty of London. Italy initially planned to remain neutral, but when the war began, it had to decide whether to support its ally Austria-Hungary or to take part in the conflict alongside France and the United Kingdom.
The Treaty of London was the document that persuaded Italy to join the Allies after it had abandoned the Triple Alliance. The treaty promised Italy a share of the Central Powers' colonies and a region on the Adriatic coast of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, including the Dalmatian coast, if the Allies emerged victorious in the war.
Why was the Treaty of London significant?
The Treaty of London promised Italy a share of the Central Powers' colonies and a region on the Adriatic coast of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, including the Dalmatian coast, if the Allies emerged victorious in the war. The treaty was significant in that it enabled Italy to leave the Triple Alliance, which it had joined in 1882, and join the Allies.
The treaty enabled Italy to achieve some of its objectives, such as expanding its territory and consolidating its control over the Italian population in Dalmatia. As a result of the treaty, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on May 23, 1915.
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Detoxification, which requires a large amount of energy, occurs in the ________. One will find a large collection of cells with mitochondria in this type of tissue to provide this energy.
Select one:
a. Lung Tissue.
b. Blood Tissue.
c. Tracheal Epithelium Tissue.
d. Liver Tissue.
e. Thymus Tissue.
Detoxification, which requires a large amount of energy, occurs in the liver tissue. One will find a large collection of cells with mitochondria in this type of tissue to provide this energy.
Detoxification is the process of eliminating or neutralizing toxins and other harmful substances from the body. The process of detoxification in the liver breaks down and eliminates toxins from the body. Detoxification is a complex process that involves a variety of different biochemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. Liver tissue is the place where detoxification takes place. The liver is responsible for the majority of the body's detoxification processes. When the liver detoxifies a substance, it converts it into a less toxic form that can be removed from the body. The mitochondria is a site for energy production within the liver tissue. Detoxification is an energy-intensive process that occurs in the liver. The mitochondria are used to produce the required energy for detoxification because the process requires a large amount of energy.Detoxification is required to keep the body healthy and functioning properly. The liver is the organ in the body that is responsible for the majority of the detoxification processes. The liver is the organ that detoxifies most substances, and the process of detoxification is an energy-intensive one. Therefore, option d. liver tissue is the site where detoxification takes place.Learn more about Detoxification: https://brainly.com/question/2202531
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In the postwar period, the GDP increased as businesses produced more goods for
Answer: rebuilding efforts and consumer demand. The growth of suburban areas also led to an increase in home construction, and the expansion of the automobile industry led to the creation of new jobs. The GI Bill provided educational and housing benefits for veterans, which helped to fuel economic growth. Additionally, the Cold War led to increased government spending on defense and technological development, which further stimulated economic growth.
Explanation:
according to the following reaction, how many grams of hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) are necessary to form 0.729 moles oxygen gas ? hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)(aq) water(l) oxygen(g)
The given reaction is:
H2O2(aq) → H2O(l) + O2(g)
The balanced chemical equation is:
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
This means that for every two molecules of hydrogen peroxide,
one molecule of oxygen gas and two molecules of water are produced. Therefore, the mole ratio of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen gas is 2:1.
Given that 0.729 moles of oxygen gas are required, the number of moles of hydrogen peroxide required can be calculated using the mole ratio.
Moles of hydrogen peroxide = (0.729 moles of oxygen gas) / 2
Moles of hydrogen peroxide = 0.3645 moles
The molar mass of hydrogen peroxide is 34.01 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of hydrogen peroxide required can be calculated as follows:
Mass of hydrogen peroxide = (0.3645 moles) x (34.01 g/mol)
Mass of hydrogen peroxide = 12.38 g
Therefore, 12.38 grams of hydrogen peroxide are necessary to form 0.729 moles of oxygen gas.
In summary, we can use the balanced chemical equation and mole ratios to determine the mass of hydrogen peroxide required to form a given amount of oxygen gas.
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How were goods primarily transported in the South?
answer choices
by air
by rail
by river
by road
Goods were primarily transported by river in the South. The region had numerous rivers, including the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri, which served as important transportation routes for goods and people.
Transportation refers to the movement of goods and people from one place to another. It could be done through various means, including rail, road, air, or water. The mode of transportation used depends on factors such as distance, cost, time, and the nature of the goods transported.In the past, the most common mode of transportation in the South was by river. This is because the region had numerous rivers that were suitable for navigation.
Additionally, the rivers were cheap and reliable modes of transportation, particularly for bulky and heavy goods such as agricultural produce. The Mississippi River was one of the most critical transportation routes in the region, with steamboats and flatboats ferrying goods to and from different parts of the region.
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what most contributed to an increase in the population of california in the 1850s?
The discovery of gold in 1848 and the resulting gold rush most likely contributed to an increase in the population of California in the 1850s.
The discovery of In the 1850s, the discovery of gold in California in 1848 resulted in an increase in the state's population. In the gold fields, thousands of individuals came, which contributed to the population growth. The majority of the immigrants were miners, and their families joined them after they found gold and settled down. Other factors that contributed to the increase in population of California in the 1850s include the Mexican-American population.
The war was over, and California had become part of the United States, which attracted more immigrants. California's reputation for being a land of opportunity The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in the 1860s made transportation faster and more accessible to individuals, further contributing to population growth. As a result, the state's economy grew, and the population increased due to the availability of jobs.
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What effect did this system have on the social structures of this society? More specifically, what would the treatment of men and women look like?
The effect of Patriarchy system on the social structures of society is that of gender roles, power dynamics, and institutional practices and the treatment is that maen hold primary authority, women are subordinate to men.
What is Patriarchy system?One of the most significant effects of patriarchy on social structures is the establishment of gender roles. Under patriarchy, men are typically expected to be assertive, dominant, and competitive, while women are expected to be nurturing, submissive, and emotional. These gender roles can have a profound impact on the way people interact with one another and the opportunities that are available to them in society.
Patriarchy also affects power dynamics, as men are typically granted more power and authority than women. This can be seen in a wide range of institutions, including government, business, and religion. Women are often excluded from positions of power and decision-making, which can limit their ability to influence social structures and shape policies that affect their lives.
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The complete question:
As regards patriach, What effect did this system have on the social structures of this society? More specifically, what would the treatment of men and women look like?
lewis and clark needed to trade with the shoshone because the corps
Lewis and Clark needed to trade with the Shoshone because the corps needed horses to cross the Rockies and the Shoshone had them .
Gaining the support and friendship of these tribes was crucial for both economic and military and political reasons. Therefore, President Jefferson gave Lewis and Clark the directive to befriend these Indians, establish trading contacts with them, and gather scientific and military data about them.
The Shoshone greeted Lewis, but they were wary. Another tribe had recently raided them. The Shoshone were concerned that Lewis may be tricking them when he requested them to travel to meet the remainder of his expedition crew. Lewis eventually won them over.
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One effect of the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin was
A. an increased interest in abolition.
B. the passage of the Missouri Compromise.
C. the birth of the Republican Party.
D.an attack on a southern armory.
A. an increased interest in abolition.
PLEASE HELP!!! THIS IS DUE TODAY!!
What geographic difficulties do you think the Cherokee traveling the northern route, mostly on foot, might have faced?
The difficulties which the Cherokee traveling the northern route, mostly on foot, might have faced was starvation and disease ravaged among the traveller.
What was the Trail of Tears all about?Nearly 125,000 Native Americans lived on millions of acres of land in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and Florida at the start of the 1830s, land their ancestors had occupied and cultivated for generations. By the end of the decade, however, very few natives remained in the southeastern United States.
The federal government forced them to leave their homelands and walk hundreds of miles across the Mississippi River to a specially designated "Indian Territory" on behalf of white settlers who wanted to grow cotton on the Indians' land. The Trail of Tears is the name given to this difficult and often deadly journey.
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Meme of jane addams is for a project
The Meme of jane Addams is given in the image attached.
The essence of immorality is the tendency to make an exception of myself. --JANE ADDAMSWho is Jane Addams?Jane Addams (1860-1935) was an American social reformer and women's rights activist who is best known for founding Hull House, one of the first settlement houses in the United States.
Jane Addams, a social activist and the founder of Hull House, is highlighting a common human tendency towards immorality in this quote. The essence of immorality, as she puts it, lies in making an exception of oneself. This means that when we act immorally, we tend to justify our actions by making ourselves an exception to the rule.
For example, if we know that lying is generally wrong, we might still lie to protect ourselves or someone we care about, thinking that our situation is different from others who lie. This is a way of making an exception of ourselves and justifying our immoral actions.
Therefore, Addams' quote suggests that true morality requires us to apply moral principles consistently, regardless of our own personal circumstances. It requires us to resist the temptation to make an exception of ourselves and to hold ourselves to the same standards as everyone else.
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Encuentra en la sopa de letras ocho palabras que provienen de una lengua indígena
Here are eight words that come from indigenous languages and are commonly used in English: Alaska, Barbecue, Canoe, Hammock, Kayak, Potlatch, Squash and Totem.
The English language has borrowed a number of words from various indigenous languages spoken around the world. For example, the word "Alaska" comes from the Aleut language spoken in Alaska and eastern Russia. "Barbecue" and "Hammock" comes from the Taino language, which is indigenous to the Caribbean. "Canoe" comes from Arawak, an indigenous language spoken in South America and the Caribbean.
"Kayak" comes from Inuktitut, which is spoken in Canada and parts of Greenland. "Potlatch" comes from Chinook Jargon, a trade language that developed among indigenous peoples in the Pacific Northwest. "Squash" comes from Narragansett, an indigenous language spoken in what is now Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Lastly, "totem" comes from Ojibwe, an indigenous language spoken in Canada and parts of the United States. These loanwords not only showcase the diversity of languages around the world but also provide a glimpse into the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples.
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Why did John.Calhoun believe the Tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional?
A.It favored one section of the country over another.
B. It put an end to the cotton trade with Great Britain.
C. It encouraged people to purchase cheap land in the West.
Answer:
A. It favored one section of the country over another.
Explanation:
the gulf of tonkin resolution was significant because it gave president johnson the power to?
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was significant because it gave President Johnson the power to use military force in Vietnam.
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the United States Congress passed in August 1964 that authorized the president to take all necessary measures to defend against attacks on American forces in Vietnam.
This gave President Johnson the power to use military force in Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed Johnson to escalate the United States’ military involvement in the Vietnam War without seeking a formal declaration of war from Congress.
The resolution was repealed in 1970, but the Vietnam War continued for several more years before coming to an end.
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A free-enterprise system uses a _________________ economy
(U.S. Government and Economics)
Answer:
A free-enterprise system uses a capitalist economy.
National Rifle Association is very powerful in the U.S. Which one of the following theoretical models explains why?
A. C.W. Mills' Power Elite Model
B. Pluralist Model
C. Conflict perspective
D. Looking glass theory
Option B is correct. The following theoretical model that explains why the pluralist model exists.
The pluralist believes that social heterogeneity prevents one group from gaining dominance. Politics, in their view, is essentially a matter of aggregation of preferences. This means that coalitions are inherently unstable (Polsby, 1980) and competition is easily maintained.
Because “political heterogeneity follows socioeconomic heterogeneity,” Dahl believes that social differentiation will increasingly lead to the dispersion of power. In this case, Hamed Kazem Zadeh (Canadian pluralist and human rights activist) argues that organizational membership socializes individuals to democratic norms, increases participation, and relaxes societal policies to enable bargaining and negotiation.
A pluralistic approach to the study of power states that a particular community cannot assume anything tangible about power. whether to To determine this, pluralists look at certain outcomes. The reason is that they believe that human behavior is largely determined by inertia.
But actual involvement in overt activity is a stronger indicator of leadership than mere reputation. Pluralists also believe that there is no particular issue or point at which a group must assert itself in order to be true to its own expressed values, but that there are various groups at which this can be done.
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Which of the following nations hosted
the "Great White Fleet" of the United
States in 1908 and, as a result, decided to
create a large navy of their own?
A. India
B. France
C. Japan
D. Russia
Answer:
C. Japan hosted the "Great White Fleet" of the United States in 1908 and, as a result, decided to create a large navy of its own.
Can somebody explain to me what this text is saying (summarize)
The text is saying that the world is currently facing a choice between two ways of life - one where the majority has a say and one where a minority forces their will on the majority. The United States believes in supporting free peoples who resist being conquered by minority groups or outside pressures, and the free peoples of the world rely on US support to maintain their freedoms.
Use the the source and your own knowledge to explain Birmingham march important to the Civil Rights Movement?
Explanation:
In April 1963 King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) joined with Birmingham, Alabama’s existing local movement, the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR), in a massive direct action campaign to attack the city’s segregation system by putting pressure on Birmingham’s merchants during the Easter season, the second biggest shopping season of the year. As ACMHR founder Fred Shuttlesworth stated in the group’s “Birmingham Manifesto,” the campaign was “a moral witness to give our community a chance to survive” (ACMHR, 3 April 1963).
The campaign was originally scheduled to begin in early March 1963, but was postponed until 2 April when the relatively moderate Albert Boutwell defeated Birmingham’s segregationist commissioner of public safety, Eugene “Bull” Connor, in a run-off mayoral election. On 3 April the desegregation campaign was launched with a series of mass meetings, direct actions, lunch counter sit-ins, marches on City Hall, and a boycott of downtown merchants. King spoke to black citizens about the philosophy of nonviolence and its methods, and extended appeals for volunteers at the end of the mass meetings. With the number of volunteers increasing daily, actions soon expanded to kneel-ins at churches, sit-ins at the library, and a march on the county building to register voters. Hundreds were arrested.
On 10 April the city government obtained a state circuit court injunction against the protests. After heavy debate, campaign leaders decided to disobey the court order. King declared: “We cannot in all good conscience obey such an injunction which is an unjust, undemocratic and unconstitutional misuse of the legal process” (ACMHR, 11 April 1963). Plans to continue to submit to arrest were threatened, however, because the money available for cash bonds was depleted, so leaders could no longer guarantee that arrested protesters would be released. King contemplated whether he and Ralph Abernathy should be arrested. Given the lack of bail funds, King’s services as a fundraiser were desperately needed, but King also worried that his failure to submit to arrests might undermine his credibility. King concluded that he must risk going to jail in Birmingham. He told his colleagues: “I don’t know what will happen; I don’t know where the money will come from. But I have to make a faith act” (King, 73).
On Good Friday, 12 April, King was arrested in Birmingham after violating the anti-protest injunction and was kept in solitary confinement. During this time King penned the “Letter from Birmingham Jail” on the margins of the Birmingham News, in reaction to a statement published in that newspaper by eight Birmingham clergymen condemning the protests. King’s request to call his wife, Coretta Scott King, who was at home in Atlanta recovering from the birth of their fourth child, was denied. After she communicated her concern to the Kennedy administration, Birmingham officials permitted King to call home. Bail money was made available, and he was released on 20 April 1963.
In order to sustain the campaign, SCLC organizer James Bevel proposed using young children in demonstrations. Bevel’s rationale for the Children’s Crusade was that young people represented an untapped source of freedom fighters without the prohibitive responsibilities of older activists. On 2 May more than 1,000 African American students attempted to march into downtown Birmingham, and hundreds were arrested. When hundreds more gathered the following day, Commissioner Connor directed local police and fire departments to use force to halt the demonstrations. During the next few days images of children being blasted by high-pressure fire hoses, clubbed by police officers, and attacked by police dogs appeared on television and in newspapers, triggering international outrage. While leading a group of child marchers, Shuttlesworth himself was hit with the full force of a fire hose and had to be hospitalized. King offered encouragement to parents of the young protesters: “Don’t worry about your children, they’re going to be alright. Don’t hold them back if they want to go to jail. For they are doing a job for not only themselves, but for all of America and for all mankind” (King, 6 May 1963).
In the meantime, the white business structure was weakening under adverse publicity and the unexpected decline in business due to the boycott, but many business owners and city officials were reluctant to negotiate with the protesters. With national pressure on the White House also mounting, Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent Burke Marshall, his chief civil rights assistant, to facilitate negotiations between prominent black citizens and representatives of Birmingham’s Senior Citizen's Council, the city’s business leadership.
In your own words, summarize what happened to Fannie on august 31, 1962
Fannie Lou Hamer was a Black American woman who grew up in the segregated South and became a prominent civil rights activist in the 1960s.
What is the story about?Fannie Lou Hamer, a civil rights activist, gave a powerful testimony before the Credentials Committee of the Democratic National Convention on August 22, 1964, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. She shared her experience of being brutally beaten and arrested for her efforts to register to vote in Mississippi.
Therefore, Hamer also spoke about the systemic discrimination and violence that Black Americans faced in the South and called for a more inclusive and democratic society. Her testimony helped to galvanize support for the civil rights movement and bring attention to the issue of voter suppression.
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Fannie Lou Hamer (1917-1977)
Testimony Before the Credentials Committee, Democratic National Convention
Atlantic City, New Jersey - August 22, 1964
Fannie Lou Hamer, a leader of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, speaks before the Credentials Committee of the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, August 22, 1964. (AP Photo/stf)
Fannie Lou Hamer's life took a dramatic turn the day she showed up for a mass meeting to learn about voting. It was August 1962 and Hamer, who was forty-four years old, wasn't even sure what a "mass meeting" was. "I was just curious to go, so I did," she said.1 The meeting was organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Hamer was told something she'd never heard before: black people had the right to vote.
One of twenty children born to a family of sharecroppers in the Mississippi Delta, Hamer grew up picking cotton and cutting corn and attended school through the sixth grade. She married a fellow sharecropper and the two scratched out a living doing hard, menial work on a plantation near Ruleville, Mississippi.
According to biographer Sina Dubovoy, when Hamer heard SNCC's presentation, she asked herself, "What did she really have? Not even security." A lynching in a nearby town in 1904 had terrorized blacks then, and the ever-present KKK still kept them quiet. As Dubovoy notes, "The Mississippi Delta was the world's most oppressive place to live if you were black."2 Hamer decided on the spot to register to vote. On August 31, 1962, she boarded a bus to Indianola with seventeen others to try to register to vote. The next day she was kicked off the plantation where she had lived and worked for eighteen years. Her husband lost his job, too.
Hamer immediately went to work as a field organizer for SNCC. Returning home from a training workshop in June 1963, Hamer's bus was intercepted by policemen. She and two others were taken to jail in Winona, Mississippi, and mercilessly beaten. Hamer suffered permanent damage to her kidneys. After recovering from her injuries, she traveled across the U.S. telling her story. With her genuine, plainspoken style, Hamer raised more money for SNCC than any other member.
In 1964, with the support of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), Hamer ran for Congress. The incumbent was a white man who had been elected to office twelve times. In an interview with the Nation, Hamer said, "I'm showing the people that a Negro can run for office." The reporter observed: "Her deep, powerful voice shakes the air as she sits on the porch or inside, talking to friends, relatives and neighbors who drop by on the one day each week when she is not campaigning. Whatever she is talking about soon becomes an impassioned plea for a change in the system that exploits the Delta Negroes. 'All my life I've been sick and tired,' she shakes her head. 'Now I'm sick and tired of being sick and tired.'"3
SNCC had formed the MFDP to expand black voter registration and challenge the legitimacy of the state's all-white Democratic Party. MFDP members arrived at the 1964 Democratic National Convention intent on unseating the official Mississippi delegation or, failing that, getting seated with them. On August 22, 1964, Hamer appeared before the convention's credentials committee and told her story about trying to register to vote in Mississippi. Threatened by the MFDP's presence at the convention, President Lyndon Johnson quickly preempted Hamer's televised testimony with an impromptu press conference. But later that night, Hamer's story was broadcast on all the major networks.
In your own words, summarize what happened to Fannie on august 31, 1962