They have leaves with thorns or leaves that have been modified to contain thorns. Additionally, they feature large, bulky leaves that are used to store reserpine or other alkaline compounds like latex.
Are humans a species?The billions of individuals that currently inhabit the earth are all descendants of one species, Homo sapiens. Just like other animals, humans vary among themselves in terms from everything from height and looks to skin tone and eye color. But by a significant percentage, our commonalities outweigh our differences.
What are the names of common species?Most evolutionary scientists make the distinction between one species and another based on effort to start: if two individuals of a different species marry, the offspring are frequently sterile, unviable, or have some other decreased fitness.
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helix-turn-helix and zinc fingers are secondary structural motifs in dna and rna, respectively. true or false
In DNA and RNA, respectively, helix-turn-helix and zn fingers constitute secondary structural motifs. FALSE.
What is the main function of RNA?Translation is the main mechanism by which RNA makes proteins. Genetic information is transmitted by RNA and decoded by ribosomes into a range of proteins needed for biological processes. rna, trna, and tRNA are the three main RNA varieties involved in the production of proteins.
What exactly is RNA, in simple terms?Ribonucleic acid, sometimes known as RNA, is a nucleic acid that is present in all living cells and has characteristics similar to those of DNA. However, unlike DNA, RNA frequently has a single strand. The backbone of a Rna is composed of alternating hydrophilic groups and the sugar ribose, as opposed to the deoxyribose found in DNA.
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Which of the following statements about a gene that shows maternal effect inheritance is true?
O Offspring will have a mutant phenotype if the father has a mutant genotype.
O Offspring will show a mutant phenotype if the mother has a mutant genotype.
O Embryonic cells transcribe the gene.
O Offspring will always show a mutant phenotype if they have a mutant genotype.
A gene that shows maternal effect inheritance is a gene that is expressed in offspring only if the mother has a mutant genotype.
The offspring will show a mutant phenotype if the mother has a mutant genotype, regardless of the father's genotype. This means that the offspring will not necessarily have a mutant phenotype if the father has a mutant genotype.
This type of gene expression is regulated by the maternal environment, which includes both the mother's genotype and the environment in which she lives. Embryonic cells transcribe the gene, and so the gene is expressed in the offspring. However, the gene's expression can be suppressed or enhanced depending on the environment in which the mother lives.
Offspring will not always show a mutant phenotype if they have a mutant genotype. This is because the gene may be expressed in the offspring only if the maternal environment is favorable for expression. If the environment is not favorable, the gene may be repressed, and the offspring will not show a mutant phenotype.
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Steps in Urine Formation
What are the events at the different areas of a nephron and in the collecting duct?
A. filtrate forms
B. Active & passive mechanisms reduce filtrate volume
C. Water is absorbed, ions are not.
D. Ions are actively absorbed, water is not.
E. The first nephron component where aldosterone regulated
F. ADH regulated water absorbtion
G. Water & solutes transported back into the bloodstream.
The filtrate or developing urine is undergoing alteration by secretion and reabsorption before traveling from this point to the extremities of the collecting ducts.
What is typical urination?Normal urine might be clear or light yellow in color. However, some factors can alter the color. Foods like beets, blackberries, and fava beans, for instance, might cause urine to turn pink or red. Additionally, some medications might produce vibrant urine colors like orange or greenish-blue.
What causes yellow urine?Urobilin, a chemical waste product produced by the disintegration of old red blood cells, is what gives urine its most prevalent color, which is yellow.
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Color blindness is a recessive X-linked trait in humans. In a family where the mother is color-blind and the father is normal, the probability of their having a color-blind son is
If the mother is color blind and the father is normal, the chance that their son will be color blind is ¼ or 25%.
The color-blind mother's genotype is XXc and the normal father's genotype is XY, so the offspring are:
Parents: XXc >< XY
Gametes: X , Xc >< X , Y
Generation:
XX (normal female)
XY (normal male)
XXc (carrier female)
XcY (color-blind male)
The phenotypic ratio is:
¼ (normal female)
¼ (normal male)
¼ (carrier female)
¼ (color-blind males)
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Why was Lucy's mutation not a problem?
Because it has no effect on the active site, the gene mutation is not an issue.
Lucy was able to produce more proteins and break down deoxyadenosine correctly after receiving stem cell therapy, which helped her fight off the additional stop protein.
The active site will not be affected by the gene mutation. This is because the non-essential amino acid or protein in the molecule is affected by the mutation. The molecule maintains its original shape and state as a result. In addition, the active site of the quaternary protein structure comprises a large number of proteins. Therefore, the mutation won't have a significant impact on the molecule's overall structure or ability to perform its function.
The complete question is:
Your scan of Lucy's ADA gene showed a mutation in the active site. Why was this mutation not a problem?
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Why do phospholipids tend to spontaneously orient themselves into something resembling a membrane?
The hydrophobic, nonpolar regions of Phospholipids must align with each other in order for the structure to have minimal potential energy and, consequently, higher stability.
Because their fatty acid tails are poorly soluble in water, phospholipids spontaneously form bilayers in aqueous solutions, with the hydrophobic tails buried in the interior of the membrane and the polar head groups exposed on both sides, in contact with water.
Phospholipids in the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane orient themselves so that the heads face outward because the heads containing the phosphate group are hydrophilic and the cytoplasm of the cell is an aqueous environment.
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What was the main aim of Mendel's experiment?
The main aim of Mendel's experiment was to understand the principles of inheritance of genetic traits in pea plants.
He performed a series of controlled crossbreeding experiments, where he carefully selected and crossbred pea plants that exhibited specific traits, such as seed color (yellow or green) and seed shape (round or wrinkled). He then recorded the characteristics of the resulting offspring and compared them to the characteristics of the parent plants. Through these experiments, Mendel discovered that certain traits were inherited in a predictable pattern, and that these patterns could be explained by the presence of genes that controlled the inheritance of each trait. He also discovered that these factors could be dominant or recessive, and that the combination of these factors determined the phenotype (observable characteristics) of the organism. These discoveries formed the basis of Mendel's laws of inheritance, which are considered to be the foundation of the field of genetics.
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What offspring is produced if a heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a homozygous short pea plant?
That a Tt heterozygous, giant plant produces T and t gametes with equal probabilities whereas a Tt homozygous, narrow plant exclusively produces t gametes, their offspring 50% tall and 50% short are crossed.
What does the term "heterozygous" mean?The term "heterozygous" describes the presence of several alleles for a given trait. You have a dominant gene for that gene if the versions differ from one another. Which qualities are expressed depends on how the two genes are related.
What is an example of heterozygotes?You have a genetic mutation for that gene if the variants differ from one another. For instance, having one gene for red hair but one allele with brown hair could indicate that you are heterogeneous for hair color. Which qualities are expressed depends on how the two alleles are related.
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What causes genetic variation in a population environmental changes?
Mutations, the changes in the sequences of genes in DNA, are one source of genetic variation in a population environmental changes.
Gene flow, or the transfer of genes between several groups of organisms, is another source. The development of new gene combinations through sexual reproduction can also result in genetic variety.
Genetic variation is the variance in DNA sequences among members of a population. Germ cells, such as sperm and eggs, as well as somatic (all other) cells, are subject to variation.
Gene variants, sometimes known as mutations, can cause genetic differences, or a normal process in which genetic information is rearranged as a cell prepares to divide can also cause genetic variations (known as genetic recombination). Different phenotypes can be introduced into an organism by genetic changes that change gene activity or protein function.
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Some scientists believe that life on Earth began about 3.5 billion years ago. What do they base this belief on?
A wealth of scientific evidence supports the idea that life on Earth began about 3.5 billion years ago. This proof comes from different sources, including:
Fossil records: The oldest known fossils are approximately 3.5 billion years old, showing that there were already complex forms of life present on Earth at that time.
Molecular clocks: Scientists can use the rate of molecular evolution to estimate the age of different life forms. This method has consistently placed the origin of life on Earth at around 3.5 billion years ago.
Geochemical evidence: The chemical composition of rocks and minerals from the early Earth provide clues about the conditions that may have existed when life first emerged.
For example, the presence of certain types of organic molecules in these rocks suggests that the conditions were suitable for life to evolve.
Comparisons to other planets: Scientists have found evidence of water and other conditions that may have been necessary for life to emerge on other planets in our solar system, such as Mars.
If these conditions existed on other planets, it is likely that they also lived on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago, when life is believed to have originated.
Overall, scientific evidence suggests that life on Earth began around 3.5 billion years ago, although it is possible that it may have arisen even earlier.
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How soon after administration of intravenous epinephrine should you pause compressions and reassess the baby's heart rate 8th edition?
It is not advised to stop compressions after administering an epinephrine dose. Every two minutes, the American Heart Association advises stopping compressions to check for the resumption of circulation.
Evidence of what is most effective in reviving patients serves as the foundation for resuscitative care. Best practices for resuscitative care have been outlined in recommendations created by the American Heart Association.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR):
For a person whose heart has stopped, CPR is a technique that involves chest compressions and help breathing.
Although there is a minimal possibility that CPR will restart an arrested heart, it is a tried-and-true technology that saves many lives each year.
In order to ensure that the most people can be saved, the CPR recommendations are consistently reviewed and revised as new knowledge about best procedures becomes available.
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What is a possible effect of leakage of inner ear fluid?
Answer: Body imbalance such as affect balance and hearing.
Explanation:
The Onondaga contains a few thin layers of volcanic ash. Why is volcanic ash useful for correlating layers of sedimentary rock?
Answer:
Besides being distinctive, a volcanic-ash layer has four other advantages for purposes of correlation: it was laid down in an instant of geologic time; it settles out over tremendous areas; it permits physical correlation between contrasting sedimentary environments; and unaltered mineral crystals.
Which term best describes the component of a control system that receives information about the status of a homeostatically regulated variable and initiates an appropriate response
The integrating center best describes the component of a control system that receives information about the status of a homeostatically regulated variable and initiates an appropriate response
.The brain's homeostatically often houses the integrating centre, which sends messages to various parts of the body telling them how to react to stimuli. For instance, when you place your palm on a hot surface, such as a stove, your brain's integrating centre receives a signal from your skin cells warning you that appropriate are in danger. The hypothalamus serves as the integrating hub for the negative feedback loop that the controls body temperature.
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The integrating center best describes the component of a control system that receives information about the status of a homeostatically regulated variable and initiates an appropriate response
.The brain's homeostatically often houses the integrating centre, which sends messages to various parts of the body telling them how to react to stimuli. For instance, when you place your palm on a hot surface, such as a stove, your brain's integrating centre receives a signal from your skin cells warning you that appropriate are in danger. The hypothalamus serves as the integrating hub for the negative feedback loop that the controls body temperature.
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If all of the stratospheric ozone suddenly disappeared, ________. A) plants would flourish
B) there would be a dramatic decrease in skin cancers
C) most life on Earth would cease to exist because of the amount of UV radiation penetrating the atmosphere
D) insects would be the only organisms to survive
E) Earth's surface would warm considerably
Answer:C
Explanation:
What is the danger of engaging in unprotected pre marital sex?
Engaging in unprotected premarital sex can be dangerous as it increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies, and can also have emotional and mental impacts.
Engaging in unprotected premarital sex can be dangerous because it increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies.
STIs, such as HIV, chlamydia, and syphilis, can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact. Some STIs can cause serious health problems and even death if left untreated. Some STIs, like HPV or herpes, may not show any symptoms, but can still cause long-term health issues.Unintended pregnancies can also occur as a result of unprotected premarital sex. This can lead to a variety of personal, social, and economic challenges, including emotional and financial burdens, interruptions to education or career plans, and the need for parenting or adoption arrangements.Additionally, unprotected premarital sex can also have emotional and mental impacts, such as guilt, regret, or emotional distress.It's worth noting that practicing safe sex, including the use of condoms and other forms of contraception, can greatly reduce the risk of STIs and unintended pregnancies, as well as emotional and mental distress.To learn more about unprotected pre-marital sex at
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4. Kevin is tall (Tt), has brown hair (Bb), has a cleft chin (CC), and is right handed (Rr). Kevin is homozygous for his
height
handedness
hair color
cleft chin
Kevin is homozygous for his cleft chin as all other are heterozygous. So, the correct option is (D).
What is Homozygous genotype?Homozygous is defined as having inherited the same allele for a genomic marker from each biological parent, so an individual who is homozygous for a genomic marker has two identical versions of that marker. Whereas an individual who is heterozygous for a marker has two different versions of that marker.
In a diploid species there are two alleles for each trait or gene in each pair of chromosomes at the same locus, or locus with one coming from the father and the other from the mother.
An allele is one of two or more alternative forms of a gene, and are found at the same locus on chromosomes, so homozygous refers to having the same allele for a particular locus. So, in this case cleft chin is homozygous as they have same allele as compare to others.
Thus, Kevin is homozygous for his cleft chin as all other are heterozygous. So, the correct option is (D).
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HELPP!!!
According to the definition of Natural Selection, which of these
organisms is likely to survive?
A- An organism that inherited features that they can and cannot use.
B- An organism that will benefit the Consumers.
C- An organism with adaptations best suited for their environment.
D- An organism that has the greatest number of offspring.
According to natural selection the organism most likely to survive is C- An organism with adaptations best suited for their environment.
Natural selection is the process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time as a result of the effects of reproduction, migration, and genetic drift on the survival and reproduction of individuals with those traits.
This process can eventually lead to speciation when populations specialize for specific ecological niches over time (microevolution) (the emergence of new species, macroevolution).
The process of natural selection starts with genetic variation within a population. This variation can occur due to mutation, recombination, and genetic drift. Some individuals in the population will have traits that are better suited to their environment, making them more likely to survive and reproduce. These individuals will pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring, who will also have a better chance of survival. Over time, the proportion of individuals with advantageous traits will increase in the population.
When the organism is well adapted to the environment then they can tolerate the environmental extremes to a better extent thus, able to survive and pass onto there gene to next generation. The adaptation help the organism to mold themselves according to the needs of the environment, thus better chances of living.
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How do wetlands get water?
The primary source of water for wetlands is from precipitation, such as rain.
This water of precipitation is absorbed by the soil and saturates the ground, eventually making its way into the wetland.
Other sources include groundwater, water runoff from rivers, streams, and lakes, and even direct connections to larger bodies of water. In some cases, wetlands are purposefully flooded to create a habitat.
The water level in a wetland is regulated by a variety of factors, including the size of the wetland, the amount of water that flows in, the amount of water that evaporates, and the amount of water that is absorbed by plants.
In addition, wetlands can be impacted by human activities, such as dam and reservoir construction and over-irrigation, which can lead to an increase or decrease in the water level.
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Which of these haploid strains produce permease constitutively but do not produce β-galactosidase
a. I+ P+ O+ Z- Y-
b. I+ P+ O- Z+ Y+
c. I- P+ O+ Z-Y+
d. I- P+ O+ Z+ Y-
e. I- P+ O+ Z+ Y+
The answer is : I- P+ O+ Z-Y+
The lac operon genes, which encode vital enzymes for lactose absorption and processing, must be expressed for the bacteria to utilise lactose. E. coli should only express the lac operon when two conditions are met in order to be as effective as possible:
Glucose is not readily available, but lactose is.
The Y gene codes for lactose permease.
In the operon I- P+ O+ Z-Y+, I codes for repressor protein, therefore I- implies this lacks repressor means operon is not inhibited so it is always active.
Z codes for beta-galactosidase in this operon.
This haploid species can produce permease persistently but do not produce -galactosidase since this operon has no functioning Z gene but does have a functional Y gene.
So the answer is : I- P+ O+ Z-Y+
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Which of the following claims about the origin of the euglenid chloroplast is best supported by the three-membrane structure of the envelope?
A
It originated from the spontaneous assembly of organic molecules into a lipid bilayer inside a free-living prokaryote.
B
It originated from the fusion of the plasma membranes of two different free-living photosynthetic prokaryotes.
C
It originated from the incorporation of a photosynthetic prokaryote into a eukaryotic cell by a single endosymbiotic event.
D
It originated from the incorporation of a photosynthetic prokaryote into a eukaryotic cell by two endosymbiotic events.
The claims about the origin of the euglenid chloroplast are best supported by the three-membrane structure of the envelope: it originated from the spontaneous assembly of organic molecules into a lipid bilayer inside a free-living prokaryote.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
Euglenids (Excаvаtа, Discobа, Euglenozoа, Euglenidа) is а group of free-living, single-celled flаgellаtes living in the аquаtic environments. The uniting аnd unique morphologicаl feаture of euglenids is the presence of а cell covering cаlled the pellicle.
The chloroplаsts of Euglenа hаve аrisen from the progressive reduction of endosymbiotic green аlgаe. The theory is supported by the presence of а third membrаne аround the chloroplаsts of Euglenа which is not endoplаsmic reticulum (ER) in origin аnd mаy be derived from the plаsmаlemmа of the originаl symbiont. In аddition, Euglenа is the only orgаnism in which chloroplаst loss cаn be induced experimentаlly. Dinoflаgellаte chloroplаsts аre аlso surrounded by three membrаnes, аnd it is proposed thаt they too evolved from symbiotic eucаryotic аlgаe.
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What was the most significant conclusion that Mendel?
The most significant conclusion that Mendel drew from his experiments is that 'Traits are inherited in discrete units one from each parent'.
The main conclusion that Mendel drew from his experiments is that traits are inherited from each parent in his individual units and are not the result of interbreeding. He called these separate substantive factors pairs.
Mendel's main conclusion, drawn from his experiments with peas, is that factors are inherited as discrete units and do not exhibit mixing.
The peas he used in his experiments were a good choice because of their distinct contrasting traits, hermaphrodite flowers, short lifespan, and less variation in results with crosses.All monohybrid and dihybrid crosses he considered phenotypic and genotypic ratios were identical.
Genes are now discovered to be pieces of DNA that reside on chromosomes, but Mendel did not know which genes (Mendelian factors) consisted. A study of chromosome behavior was carried out by Sutton and Boveri with the aid of a microscope. They later compared it to the behavior of factors and genes.
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Complete question :
What was the most significant conclusion that Mendel drew from his experiments?
A There is considerable genetic variation in garden pea
B Traits are inherited in discrete units one from each parent
C Genes are composed of DNA
D Recessive genes occur as frequently as dominant ones.
What are the 3 classes of mollusks and how are they different?
The three main classes of mollusks are: Gastropods, Bivalves and Cephalopods. Gastropods have a single large foot, bivalves have two calcareous shells and Cephalopods are recognized by their unique method of locomotion.
Mollusks are the organisms of the phylum Mollusca. It is recognized by the presence of calcareous shells, visceral mass, muscular foot. The Mollusca is the second largest phylum of kingdom Animalia.
Cephalopods are the largest animals amongst all invertebrates, They are recognized for their method of locomotion where they release a stream of water through the body for their movement. Cephalopods have a well developed nervous system as well as closed circulatory system.
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The correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes is that
a. males with certain body types commit the most serious crimes.
b. Lombroso proved a century ago that biological factors are the major cause of crime.
c. biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes.
d. genetics research has succeeded in explaining most criminality.
The correct view of the role of biology in causing people to commit crimes is c) biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes.So,correct option is c.
Biological factors of crime which express that whether individuals perpetrate violations relies upon their organic nature. The natural qualities that natural speculations of wrongdoing guarantee are related with guiltiness could incorporate factors like hereditary qualities, nervous system science, or actual constitution.
Albeit numerous cutting edge organic hypotheses of crime think about the impact of logical and ecological circumstances (what crime analysts call biosocial speculations), natural speculations of wrongdoing separate themselves from humanistic speculations in their emphasis on inner elements. Natural hypotheses of wrong doing created in lined up with their humanistic partners.
Biological factors of crimes expect an individual's natural qualities foreordain criminal ways of behaving. The speculations that examine the beginning of wrong doing and the impacts on an individual's choice to carry out a wrong doing incorporate old style, organic, humanistic, interactionist and psychodynamic approaches.
Hence,correct option is c.
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Why is a high surface area to volume ratio important in epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal GI tract?
When a cell performs its normal functions, it must exchange substances with the world outside the cell membrane. Cells with a large surface area to volume ratio can exchange substances more efficiently.
Maximizing the surface area of this organ system is important. This is because the greater the surface area of the cell the better the digestive mechanism and the greater the absorption of simplified nutrients.
Digestibility increases with increasing surface area. An explanation for this is a mechanism that accelerates and supports the number of enzymes involved in digestion, and this is one of those enzyme individuals that work more effectively on larger surfaces.
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Give me the full meaning of the following questions
1) DNA
2) RNA
Answer:
down there.
Explanation:
DNA -> deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA -> ribonucleic Acid
hence the full meaning of Dna and Rna
Explanation:
Abbreviation of DNA is Deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA is a group of molecules that is responsible for carrying and transmitting the hereditary materials or the genetic instructions from parents to offsprings.
Abbreviation of RNA is Ribonucleic acid.
RNA helps in the synthesis of proteins in our body.
More people get injured from skateboarding than any other sport
2. Experiment: Click Play and hunt peppered moths on dark tree trunks for five years. In each
year, try to capture as many moths as you can.
When you are done, select the TABLE tab and record the percentages of each moth type.
Year
Dark moths
Light moths
o
1
2
3
4
5
The total number of moths captured yearly is five. Inwhichoneis light moths and the other three are dark moths.
Moths come in a wide range of sizes, with wingspans that range from roughly 4 mm (0.16 inch) to nearly 30 cm (about 1 foot). They are highly adaptive and can survive anywhere but in arctic regions. Moths have scale-like coverings on their wings, body, and legs that fall off when the insect is handled. Moths have sturdier bodies and duller coloring than butterflies. Moths also have recognizable thick or feathered antennae. Moths retain their wings stretched at their sides or folded tent-like over their bodies when at rest, whereas butterflies hold their wings upright.
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If the diplold (2n) number of chromosomes for this cell is four and the haploid
(n) number is two, are the daughter cells now diplold or haplold?
Following telophase I there is a short interphase; however, there is not any DNA synthesis co
chromosomes do not duplicate. Actually they don't need to since the chromosomes are still
duplicated.
Does your model agree with this statement?,
Both daughter cells now go through a second series of divisions (melosis II) as follows:
If the diplold (2n) number of chromosomes for this cell is four and the haploid number is two, are the daughter cells now diplold or haploidas it following telophase I there is a short interphase; however, there is not any DNA synthesis.
What happens in telophase II?After telophase II, each chromosome in the haploid organism has been made up of one daughter chromosome. Meiosis has the type of cell division that will results in the halves of the number of the chromosomes in the daughter cells.
Four daughter cells with each of which has half its parent cell's chromosomes, are created during the meiosis. Meiosis I and II, the first and second division has steps of the meiotic process, each involve four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Therefore, If the diplold (2n) number of chromosomes for this cell is four and the haploid number is two, are the daughter cells now diplold or haploidas it following telophase I there is a short interphase; however, there is not any DNA synthesis.
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Replicated chromosomes divide twice during the meiotic process to create four haploid cells, commonly known as meiocytes (sperms and eggs).
What is Meiosis?Meiosis is the process by which diploid (2n) organisms create meiocytes, which have half the ploidy of the parents and are used for sexual reproduction.
For the zygote's genetic makeup to match that of its parents, meiocyte ploidy must be cut in half. The separation and redistribution of chromosomes are accomplished during meiosis using methods similar to those used during mitosis.
Meiosis is the only process in which homologous chromosomes join up and undergo genetic recombination. Centrioles and chromosomes are replicated in the steps before meiosis, which are similar to those of mitosis.
Therefore, Replicated chromosomes divide twice during the meiotic process to create four haploid cells, commonly known as meiocytes (sperms and eggs).
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To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require __________ allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered ____________________ . The mutation results in a _________ of function. Normally, tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle. How do mutated tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle
Proto-oncogenes are rates that regularly aid cells to grow and split to create new cells or to assist cells with remaining alive. At the point when a proto-oncogene transforms (changes) or there are an excessive number of duplicates of it.
The two duplicates of a particular cancer silencer quality pair should be transformed to prompt an adjustment of cell development and growth arrangement to occur. Consequently, cancer silencer qualities are supposed to be passive at the cell level. Transformations in cancer silencer qualities are frequently procured.
Proto-oncogenes are a gathering of qualities that make ordinary cells become carcinogenic when they are transformed (Adamson, 1987; Weinstein and Joe, 2006). Transformations in proto-oncogenes are ordinarily predominant in nature, and the changed rendition of a proto-oncogene is called an oncogene.
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