If the reactions were successful then we can see the reactions involved O-H groups of the alcohols then the O-H stretching will not be observed in the product.
Analysis of IR spectrum of 1-butanol:
There are sp3 C-H stretching and CH2 bending modes at 2900 and 1500 cm-1 and there is a C-O stretching mode near 1050 cm-1. There is a very large peak around 3400 cm-1. O-H peaks are usually very broad due to H -bonding.The rounded shape O-H stretching modes occurs because of hydrogen bonding between different hydroxy groups.
Because protons are shared to varying extent with neighboring oxygens, the covalent O-H bonds in alcohol all vibrate at slightly different frequencies and show up at slightly different positions in the IR spectrum.
Instead of seeing one sharp peak, the entire range is observed as a whole lot of them merged into one broad peak. Since C-H bonds don't hydrogen bond very well, hence this phenomenon is not observed for C-H stretching.
Analysis of IR spectrum of tertiary-butyl alcohol:
There are sp3 C-H stretching and alkane C-H bending modes at 2900 and 1500 cm-1 and there is a strong C-O stretching mode near 1200 cm-1 indicative of tertiary C-O, there is a broad peak around 3400 cm-1 indicative of H bonding.
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What’s your favorite stranger things character.
Answer:
none
Explanation:
stranger mid mid mid mid
Answer:
My favorite stranger things character is Eleven also known as Millie Bobby Brown
Explanation:
I hope this helps and have a good day!
An energy storage system based on a flywheel (a rotating disk) can store a maximum of 3.7 MJ when the flywheel is rotating at 16000 revolutions per minute.
The moment of inertia of the flywheel is 2.63 kg-[tex]m^{2}[/tex]
It is given that,
The maximum energy stored on the flywheel is given as
E=3.7MJ= 3.7×[tex]10^{6}[/tex] J
Angular velocity of the flywheel is 16000[tex]\frac{rev}{min}[/tex] = 1675.51[tex]\frac{rad}{sec}[/tex]
So to find the moment of inertia of the flywheel. The energy of a flywheel in rotational kinematics is given by :
E = [tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex][tex]Iw^{2}[/tex]
By rearranging the equation:
I = [tex]\frac{2E}{w_{2} }[/tex]
I = 2.63 kg-[tex]m^{2}[/tex]
Thus the moment of inertia of the flywheel is 2.63 kg-[tex]m^{2}[/tex].
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What is the term for the principal that an object in motion remains in motion until it is met by an outside force?
The term for the principal that an object in motion remains in motion until it is met by an outside force is called inertia
Newton's first law states that if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force .This principal is named as inertia .
Every matter have inertia , a property to remain in that very position until unless it is been forced on them to change their position .
Inertia is a property of matter that causes it to resist changes in velocity (speed and/or direction). According to Newton's first law of motion, an object with a given velocity maintains that velocity unless acted on by an external force. Inertia is the property of matter that makes this law hold true.
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Dr. Albert gets a spark from the static in the door knob. He is not hurt. However, the electric _____ is high.
Dr. Albert gets a spark from the static in the door knob. He is not hurt. However, the electric current is high.
What is the static spark?
Sparks that are considered "static" have a massive momentary current and power (momentary like less than a millionth of a second.) However, the overall wattage of these sparks is exceedingly low. It's really too little to harm your muscles with heat (or even any warming a thermometer could detect.)
Negative and positive charges in an object must balance out for static electricity to occur. These charges may accumulate on an object's surface until they can be released or discharged. They can be discharged via a circuit, for example.
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A coin slides over a frictionless plane and across an xy coordinate system from the origin to a point with xy coordinates (3.0 m, 4.0 m) while a constant force acts on it. The force has magnitude 2.0 N and is directed at a counterclockwise angle of 100 from the positive direction of the x axis. How much work is done by the force on the coin during the displacement
Work done by the force is 6.802 Joule
Given:
Therefore displacement of coin along x axis,x=3m
displacement of coin along y-axis,y=4m
force has magnitude = 2.0 N
To Find:
Work done by the force
Solution: Work is done whenever a force moves something over a distance. You can calculate the energy transferred, or work done, by multiplying the force by the distance moved in the direction of the force.
component of force along x-axis, F = 2.0Ncos100
F = 2x(-.173)
F = -(.346)N
component of force in y direction,F₁ = 2.0sin100
F = 2x(.98)
F = 1.96N
work is done by the force on the coin during the displacement will be given as
W = Fx*x + Fy*y
W = -(.346) x 3m + 1.96 x 4
W = 6.802 Joule
Hence, Work done by the force is 6.802 Joule
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g The resistance of the wire in the windings of an electric starter motor for an automobile is 2.40 10-2 . The motor is connected to a 13-V battery. What current will flow through the motor when it is stalled (does not turn)
If the resistance of the wire in the windings of an electric starter motor for an automobile is [tex]2.40\times 10^{-2}\text{ } \Omega[/tex] and the motor is connected to a 13-V battery then the amount of current flow through the motor is [tex]5.42 \times10^2\text{ A}[/tex].
Calculation:
Step-1:
It is given that the resistance of the wire in the windings of an electric starter motor for an automobile is [tex]2.40\times 10^{-2}\text{ } \Omega[/tex] and the motor is connected to a 13-V battery. It is required to find the amount of current flow through the motor.
It is known from Ohm's law, it is known that voltage is the multiplication of the current and the resistance of a circuit.
V=IR
Where V is the voltage, I is current, and R is the resistance.
Step-2:
Substituting the given values into the equation to get the value of the current.
[tex]$$\\\begin{aligned}\\V&=IR\\\Rightarrow13 \text{ V}&=I \times 2.40\times10^{-2} \text{ }\Omega\\\Rightarrow I&=\frac{13}{2.40\times10^{-2}} \text{ A}\\ &=5.42 \times10^2\text{ A}\\\end{aligned}\\$$[/tex]
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___________ is defined as intentionally directing someone to or away from specific areas based on the ethnicity of the person or the area.
Steering is defined as intentionally directing someone to or away from specific areas based on the ethnicity of the person or the area.
There are generally three terms used in real estate and that are Steering, Redlining and Blockbusting.
Buyers are guided by steering according to their class.
Redlining mainly refers to the loan industry's discrimination against purchasers.
Blockbusting is the practice of persuading residents of a neighborhood to sell their home because the socioeconomics of the area are deteriorating.
Steering is the act of influencing a buyer's selection of a community based on one of the racial, ethnic, religious, gender, familial, or national origin protected categories listed in the Fair Housing Act.
Hence, Steering is defined as intentionally directing someone to or away from specific areas based on the ethnicity of the person or the area.
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Two celestial objects are in space: one with a mass of 8.22 x 109 kg and one with a mass of 1.38 x 108 kg. If they are separated by a distance of 1.43 km, what is the magnitude of the force of attraction (in newtons) between the objects
Answer: Two celestial objects are in space: one with a mass of 8.22 x 109 kg and one with a mass of 1.38 x 108 kg. If they are separated by a distance of 1.43 km, then, the magnitude of the force of attraction (in newtons) between the objects will be 52.9kN
Explanation: To find the answer we need to know more about the Newton's law of gravitation.
What is Newton's law of gravitation?Gravitation is the force of attraction between any two bodies.Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force.This force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between these two masses.Mathematically we can expressed it as,[tex]F=\frac{GMm}{r^2} \\where, G=6.67*10^-11Nm^2kg^-2[/tex]
How to solve the problem?Here, we have given with the data's,[tex]M=8.22*10^9kg\\m=1.38*10^8 kg\\r=1.43*10^3m[/tex]
Thus, the force of attraction between these two bodies will be,[tex]F=6.67*10^-11*\frac{8.22*10^9*1.38*10^8}{1.43*10^3} =52.9kN[/tex]
Thus, if two celestial objects are in space: one with a mass of 8.22 x 109 kg and one with a mass of 1.38 x 108 kg and, If they are separated by a distance of 1.43 km, then, the magnitude of the force of attraction (in newtons) between the objects will be 52.9kN.
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As keisha runs the generator, which best describes what should happen to the needle that measures electric current? it will move to a large positive value and stay there. it will move back and forth between 0 and a large positive value. it will move back and forth between a large positive and a large negative value. it will move to a large negative value and stay there.
The diagram shows a simple electric generator. The needle that measures electric current will move back and forth between a largely positive and a large negative value.
What is an electric generator?An electric generator is physically equivalent to an electric motor. but it converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.The electrical field generated is dependent on the inclination of the wire with respect to magnetic field lines, and this inclination changes over time,because of that she will experience a varying electrical field, and thus a varying electric current will be zero.
The maximum positive value will occur when the wire is perpendicular to the magnetic field lines after one-fourth of rotation, and then zero.
Hence option C is correct.
The diagram shows a simple electric generator. The needle that measures electric current will move back and forth between a largely positive and a large negative value.
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A cart that is rolling at a constant velocity on a level table fires a ball straight up out of a vertical tube.
If the cart is accelerating in the forward direction the ball would fall behind the tube.
What is meant by acceleration?The rate at which the speed and direction of a moving object vary over time. A point or object going straight ahead is accelerated when it accelerates or decelerates.
Some key features of acceleration are-
Any procedure where the velocity varies is referred to as acceleration. There are just two ways to accelerate: changing your speed or changing your direction, or changing both. This is because velocity is both a speed as well as a direction.No matter how quickly you're moving, if you're not altering your direction or speed, you can't possibly be accelerating.In a car, accelerating may be accomplished by applying the gas pedal or the brakes, both of which would result in changes in speed. However, you could also turn by turning the steering wheel, which would reverse your momentum. Given that they alter velocity, any of them would be seen as an acceleration.The formula of acceleration is -
[tex]a=\frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}=\frac{v_{f}-v_{i}}{\Delta t}[/tex]
[tex]v_{f}[/tex] is the final velocity
[tex]v_{i}[/tex] is the initial velocity
Δt is total time between both velocities.
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The complete question is-
A cart that is rolling at a constant velocity on a level table fires a ball straight up out of a vertical tube. Does your answer change if the cart is accelerating in the forward direction? If so, how?
A copper penny has a mass of 3.0 g. A total of 4.0 × 10^12 electrons are transferred from one neutral penny to another. If the electrostatic force of attraction between the pennies is equal to the weight of a penny, what is the separation between them?
Then the separation between the two pennies will be O.354m.
To find the correct answer, we need to know about the electrostatic force of attraction.
What is the separation between the pennies?We have given with the information's,[tex]m=3*10^{-3}kg\\n=4*10^{12}\\[/tex]
As we know that the charge of one electron is 1.6×10^-19C.Thus, the total charge on the penny will be,[tex]Q_1=4*10^{12}*1.6*10^{-19}=6.4*10^{-7}C.\\Q_2=-Q_1[/tex]
We have the expression for electrostatic force of attraction as,[tex]F_e=\frac{kQ_1Q_2}{r^2} =mg\\[/tex] , here given that the electrostatic force equal to the weight of the system.
We have to find the separation between the pennies.[tex]r=\sqrt{\frac{kQ_1Q_2}{mg} } =\sqrt{\frac{(6.4*10^{-7})^2}{4*3.14*8.85*10^{-12}*3*10^{-3}*9.8} }\\\\r=0.354m[/tex]
Thus, we can conclude that the separation between the pennies is 0.354m.
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0.354m will be the separation between the two pennies.
We must understand the electrostatic force of attraction in order to arrive at the correct solution.
How far apart are the pennies from one another?One electron has a charge of 1.6 10-19 coulombs, as is common knowledge. Consequently, the total fee for the penny will be,[tex]Q_1=ne=4*10^{12}*1.67*10^{-19}=6.4*10^{-7}C\\Q_2=-Q_1[/tex]
The expression of electrostatic force of attraction is as follows:[tex]F=\frac{kQ_1Q_2}{R^2}=mg[/tex]
Given that the electrostatic force in this instance is equal to the system's weight.
We must determine the distance between the pennies.[tex]R=\sqrt{\frac{kQ_1Q_2}{mg} } =0.354m[/tex]
As a result, we may say that the distance between the pennies is 0.354m.
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An object placed 10.40 cm from a concave spherical mirror produces a real image 7.80 cm from the mirror. If the object is moved to a new position 20.0 cm from the mirror, what is the position of the image
The position of the image, if the object moved to new position 20.0 cm from the mirror is 5.7372 cm.
As per the lens equation,
[tex]\frac{1}{p1} +\frac{1}{q1} =\frac{1}{f}[/tex]
Since, p1 is the position of object initially, q1 is the position of the image initially and f is the focal length of the lens.
[tex]\frac{1}{10.4} +\frac{1}{7.8} =\frac{1}{f}[/tex]
[tex]0.0961+0.1282=\frac{1}{f}[/tex]
[tex]f=4.458[/tex] is the focal length of the given lens.
Then the object moved to second position of p2=20.0 cm from the mirror.
So, [tex]\frac{1}{p2} +\frac{1}{q2} =\frac{1}{f}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{1}{20} +\frac{1}{q2} =\frac{1}{4.458}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{1}{q2}=0.2243-\frac{1}{20}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{1}{q2}=0.1743[/tex]
Hence, q2=5.7372 cm is the new position of the image.
Initially, the object placed 10.40 cm from the mirror, then the image formed at 7.80 cm, then the object moved to 20.0 cm from the mirror, then the new image formed at 5.74 cm.
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Jim climbs up a rope from an initial height of 1.30 m to a final height of 3.20 m. If Jim's mass is 45 kg, what is the change in his gravitational potential energy? Group of answer choices 1980 J 187 J 85.5 J 838 J
The change in the gravitational potential energy of the boy is 838 J.
So the correct choice is 838 J.
What is gravitational potential energy?
The energy possessed by an object due to its position from the chosen reference point when gravity is acting on that object is called gravitational potential energy.
The formula to calculate the difference in the potential energy is given by the formula,
U=m*g*h
where U is the difference in the potential energy, m is the mass, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height difference between the initial height and the final height.
The height difference is given by the formula,
h=h2-h1
where h2 is the final height and h1 is the initial height.
Given that the initial height is 1.30 m and the final height is 3.20 m, substitute h1=1.30 m and h2=3.20 m in the formula of height to calculate the height difference.
h=3.20-1.30
h=1.90 m
The mass of the boy is 45 kg and the value of g is 9.8 m/s^2. Substitute m=45 kg, g=9.8 m/s^2, and h=1.90 m in the formula of the gravitational potential energy to calculate the difference in the gravitational potential energy.
U=45*9.8*1.90
U=837.9 J
U≈838
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Question 5 of 32
According to the periodic table below, which element has the largest average
atomic mass?
OA. Helium (He)
OB. Oxygen (0)
OC. Nitrogen (N)
OD. Neon (Ne)
Select each of the following that are recessive alleles represented in the genotype AaBb. Check All That Apply AA BB aa bb
Option (c) and (d) are correct
a and b are the recessive alleles represented in genotype AaBb.
An allele is a different nucleotide sequence that codes for the production of a gene product at the same location on a lengthy DNA molecule.
Recessive Allele : A particular allele that, when present alone, has no effect on the person. The expression of the trait requires the presence of two copies of the allele.
Dominant Allele : A dominant allele is a gene variant that will result in a specific phenotype even when there are other alleles present.
Genotype - The genetic configuration that determines the features that an organism inherits from its parents is known as a genotype.
Phenotype - The term "phenotype" refers to an organism's observable physical characteristics, such as its appearance, growth, and behavior.
Hence (a) & (b) are the recessive alleles represented in the genotype AaBb.
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The same bungee jumper from the previous question is now safely back on the ground, but hungry. He eats an apple before going for another jump. What energy transfer is he experiencing?
Group of answer choices
a. Kinetic to chemical
b. Elastic potential to chemical
c. Chemical to gravitational potential
d. Chemical to kinetic
D. The energy transfer he is experiencing is Chemical to kinetic.
Conservation of energy
The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.
The apple eaten by the bungee jumper will provide chemical energy which will be converted into kinetic energy of the jumper once he is in motion.
Thus, the energy transfer he is experiencing is Chemical to kinetic.
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Would it be more efficient to warm your bed on a cold night with a hot water bottle that contains 1 kg of water at 500 C or with a 1 Kg iron bar at 1000 C.
Warming the bed with water is far more efficient than warming the bed with an iron, the difference is the specific heat capacity of water and iron.
The specific heat capacity of a substance can be defined as the amount of the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree).
What is the Specific heat of Water?q = m x C x AT
As the specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g°C and the specific heat of iron is 0.450 J/g°C. Since, the specific heat of water is greater than the specific heat of iron.
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What is the kinetic energy of an object with a mass of 10 kilograms traveling at a speed of 10 meters per second? Assume that no other forces act upon the object.
Group of answer choices
a. 50,000 J
b. 100 J
c. 500 J
d. 1000 J
The kinetic energy of an object with a mass of 10 kilograms traveling at a speed of 10 meters per second is 500J (option C).
How to calculate kinetic energy?The kinetic energy of a body refers to the energy due to the motion of the body. The kinetic energy can be calculated using the following formula:
K.E = ½ × m × v²
Where;
K.E = kinetic energym = massv = speedK.E = ½ × 10 × 10²
K.E = 5 × 100 = 500J
Therefore, the kinetic energy of an object with a mass of 10 kilograms traveling at a speed of 10 meters per second is 500J.
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Five stars are shown on the following H-R diagrams. Rank the stars based on their surface temperature from highest to lowest. If two (or more) stars have the same surface temperature, drag one star on top of the other(s).
All five stars appear at the same place along the horizontal axis showing spectral type.
Because spectral type is related to surface temperature, all five stars must have the same surface temperature.
Now proceed to Part C to determine how these stars vary in luminosity.
What is a Star?This refers to the heavenly body that is a natural luminous body that is visible in the sky, especially at night
Hence, we can see that based on the ranking of stars, the surface temperature of each star is taken into account, and based on their spectral type, the stars all have the same temperature.
Therefore, to show the difference between the stars, their luminous intensity needs to be analyzed,
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A canister filled with 1.3 mol of single-atom helium gas has a temperature of 315 K. What is the approximate total internal energy of the gas? (Recall that the equation for kinetic energy due to translation in a gas is: 3/2 nRT; the equation for kinetic energy due to rotation of a molecule in a gas is: nRT; and R = 8.31 J/(mol.K).)
The total internal energy of the gas is 5104 Joule.
What is the internal energy of n mole of monoatomic gases?Internal energy= f/2 × nRTf = degrees of freedom, R= universal gas constant with value 8.31 J/(mol K), T= temperatureFor mono-atomic gas, degrees of freedom is 3. So internal energy= 3/2× nRTWhat is the internal energy of 1.3 mole of helium at 315K temperature?Internal energy of helium gas=
3/2 × 1.3 × 8.31 × 315
= 5104 joule
Thus, we can conclude that the internal energy of the helium gas is 5104 Joule.
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if the force acting on a body of mass 40 kg is doubled . by how much will the acceleration change
Using the criteria you described in your previous answer, how would you compare solar power to fossil fuel power?
Solar power differ to fossil fuel power in that solar power is a much more optimal resource than fossil fuels
Solar power; however provides much more energy than fossil fuel powerInterestingly too, solar power resource can be used without releasing greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels powerInfact, solar energy is the most reliable What is renewable energy?Renewable energy simply refers to energy that is not depleted when used. An example of such is solar power.
So therefore, solar power differ to fossil fuel power in that solar power is a much more optimal resource than fossil fuels
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Which type of graph could be easily converted into a pie chart?
A. Variable plot
B. Scatter plot
C. Bar graph
D. Line graph
Answer:
D.Linegraph
Explanation:
Linegraph could be easily converted into a pie chart
Answer:
bar graph
Explanation:
The forces in (Figure 1) are acting on a 1.0 kg object.What is ax , the x -component of the object's acceleration
The x -component of the object's acceleration is 2 m/s².
What's the resultant force along x- direction?Forces along x axis direction are as follows 4N along +x axis, so it's taken as +4 N2N along -x axis , so it's taken as -2N.Resultant force along x direction = 4N - 2N = 2 N which is along + ve x direction.What's the acceleration along x axis direction?As per Newton's second law, Force = mass × acceleration of the object Force along x axis= mass × acceleration along x axis= 2NAcceleration = 2/ mass = 2/1 = 2 m/s²Thus, we can conclude that the acceleration along x axis is 2 m/s².
Disclaimer: The question was given incomplete on the portal. Here is the complete question.
Question: The forces in (Figure 1) are acting on a 1.0 kg object. What is ax, the x-component of the object's acceleration?
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derric climbs onto his roof to hang Christmas light. If the roof is 4.3 meters from the ground and derrick gains 2730 J of potential energy while climbing, what is his mass
Mass of Derrick at a height 4.3 m having 2730 joule of energy is 65 Kg.
What is the expression of gravitational potential energy near the earth surface?Mathematically, gravitational potential energy near the earth surface= m×g×hm= mass of Derrick, g= acceleration due to gravity, h= height at which Derrick present Then, mass (m) of Derrick = potential energy/ (g×h)What is the mass of Derrick, if he gains 2730 joule of energy at 4.3m above the ground?Mass of Derrick= 2730/(9.8×4.3)
= 65 kg
Thus, we can conclude that the mass of Derrick is 65 Kg.
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The volume of gas in a flexible container at a depth of 10 m/33 ft will expand to ______ its original volume if taken to the surface. Select one: Twice. Three times. Four times. None of the above.
The volume of gas in a flexible container at a depth of 10 m/33 ft will expand to double its original volume if taken to the surface.
What is volume:
The amount of space that a substance or object occupies.
Volume is denoted with letter V
What is a gas molecule?Generally, a gas molecule is simply defined as a combination of numbers of atoms that are connected one to another.
here, 10 m/33 feet of sea water is taken to exerts a gauge pressure that is the same pressure as the atmosphere.
This means that we add one atmosphere/bar pressure for every 10 m/33 feet you descend.
The effect of this is that,
at 10 m/33 ft absolute pressure is two ata/bar
Adding another 10 m/33 ft to this depth to make it 20 m/66 ft, puts you under under three ata/bar of pressure and so on.
Descending to a depth it means that you have double the ata/bar pressure acting on you. If you decide to resurface, the pressure on the flexible container will reduce by a factor of two.
Since volume is inversely proportional to the pressure,
If the pressure reduces by a factor of 2, then the volume will increase by a factor of two.
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A person sits at rest on a chair. The gravitational force on the person (their weight) is one half of an action-reaction pair. Which force is the other half?
Normal is the other half of an action-reaction pair
If a person is sitting on a chair , there must be a gravitation force acting in downward direction which is equal to the weight of that person . That means the person is exerting a force on the chair equal to its weight . But the person is not falling down the chair , because of newtons third law of motion .
There must be a counter force which is equal and opposite to the force exerted by the person on the chair , in order to make net force equal to zero and to make that man in stationary state ( no movement ) .That force is called Normal force which is been acted by the chair on the person .This implies Normal is the other half of an action-reaction pair
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When attempting to recover your primary second stage underwater, it is acceptable to switch to your alternate air source while you search for your primary. Select one: True False
During primary second stage underwater recovery, it is acceptable to switch to your alternate air source while you search for your primary which makes it a true statement.
What is Primary second stage underwater?This involves the intermediate pressure air from the regulator hose being taken and reduced to ambient pressure.
Switching to your alternate air source will ensure that the diver breathe safely which is why True was chosen.
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Clouds lose their __________ when the surrounding air temperature equals the rising air temperature.
Clouds lose their stability when the surrounding air temperature equals the rising air temperature.
When vapor condenses and produces the billowing columns, the ascending air, which is still warmer than the nearby air, rises. occurs when radiation even during night cools the Earth's surface as well as the air around.
As a result, the air parcel can increase until all of the latent heat has already been released as well as the "surplus" water vapor has condensed. Hence, the fundamental factor that prevents clouds from rising is the cessation of the production of heat transfer through condensation.
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The total amount of energy it takes to heat 2.0 kg of ice from –18oC to 220oC is
Answer:
Approximately [tex]6.5 \times 10^{3}\; {\rm kJ}[/tex] (or equivalently [tex]6.5 \times 10^{6}\; {\rm J}[/tex]) assuming a melting point of [tex]0\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex] and a boiling point of [tex]100\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex].
Explanation:
The total amount of energy required is the sum of five parts:
Energy required to heat ice from [tex](-18\; {\rm ^{\circ} C})[/tex] to [tex]0\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex].Energy required to melt the ice.Energy required to heat water from [tex]0\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex] to [tex]100\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex].Energy required to vaporize the water.Energy required to heat steam from [tex]100\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex] to [tex]220\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex].The specific heat of ice is [tex]c(\text{ice}) = 2.09 \; {\rm kJ \cdot K^{-1} \cdot kg^{-1}}[/tex]. Energy required to raised the temperature of [tex]m = 2.0\; {\rm kg}[/tex] of ice by [tex]\Delta T = (0 - (- 18)) \; {\rm K} = 18\; {\rm K}[/tex]:
[tex]\begin{aligned}Q &= c(\text{ice}) \, m\, \Delta T \approx 75.24\; {\rm kJ} \end{aligned}[/tex].
The enthalpy of fusion (melting) of water is approximately [tex]\Delta H = 334\; {\rm kJ \cdot kg^{-1}}[/tex]. The energy required to melt [tex]m = 2.0\; {\rm kg}[/tex] of ice would be:
[tex]Q = m\, \Delta H \approx 668\; {\rm kJ}[/tex].
The specific heat of water is [tex]c(\text{water}) =4.18 \; {\rm kJ \cdot K^{-1} \cdot kg^{-1}}[/tex]. Energy required to raised the temperature of [tex]m = 2.0\; {\rm kg}[/tex] of water by [tex]\Delta T = (100 - 0) \; {\rm K} = 100\; {\rm K}[/tex]:
[tex]\begin{aligned}Q &= c(\text{water}) \, m\, \Delta T \approx836\; {\rm kJ} \end{aligned}[/tex].
The enthalpy of vaporization of water is approximately [tex]\Delta H = 2257\; {\rm kJ \cdot kg^{-1}}[/tex]. The energy required to vaporize [tex]m = 2.0\; {\rm kg}[/tex] of water would be:
[tex]Q = m\, \Delta H \approx 4.51 \times 10^{3}\; {\rm kJ}[/tex].
The specific heat of steam is [tex]c(\text{water}) =2.09\; {\rm kJ \cdot K^{-1} \cdot kg^{-1}}[/tex]. Energy required to raised the temperature of [tex]m = 2.0\; {\rm kg}[/tex] of steam by [tex]\Delta T = (220 - 100) \; {\rm K} = 120\; {\rm K}[/tex]:
[tex]\begin{aligned}Q &= c(\text{steam}) \, m\, \Delta T \approx 920\; {\rm kJ} \end{aligned}[/tex].
Hence, the total amount of energy required is approximately [tex]6.5 \times 10^{3}\; {\rm kJ}[/tex].