A good starting point for citation chaining would be a relevant and well-cited article or book that directly relates to your research the topic.
This article or book should have a comprehensive bibliography or the reference list that you can use to find additional sources. By examining the references cited in the original article, you can identify the other articles and books that are likely to be relevant to your research. Then, you can examine the references in those articles to find even more sources, continuing the process until you have a comprehensive set of relevant sources for your research.
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total no. of atoms in 90 g of water
Answer:
Step 1: Determine the molecular weight of water. The molecular weight of water is 18.015 g/mol.
Step 2: Calculate the number of moles. To calculate the number of moles, divide 90g by the molecular weight of water to get 5 moles of water.
Step 3: Calculate the number of atoms of water present. One mole of water contains 6.022 x 10^23 molecules of water. Therefore, 5 moles of water contains (5 x 6.022 x 10^23) = 3.011 x 10^24 atoms of water.
Therefore, there are 3.011 x 10^24 atoms of water present in 90g of water.
A solution is prepared by mixing 75.0 mL of 5.00 M HCl and 25.0 mL of 8.00 M HNO3. Water is then added until the final volume is 1.00 L. Calculate [H+], [OH−], and the pH for this solution.
To calculate the [H⁺], [OH⁻], and pH for the given solution are 0.575 M, 0.575 M, and 0.238, respectively prepared by mixing 75.0 mL of 5.00 M HCl and 25.0 mL of 8.00 M HNO₃.
What is pH?pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral.
The total number of moles of H⁺ and OH⁻ ions produced:
=Moles of H⁺ ions
= moles of H⁺ from HCl + moles of H+ from HNO₃
Moles of H⁺ from HCl = volume × concentration
= 75.0 mL × 5.00 M
= 0.375 moles
Moles of H⁺ from HNO₃ = volume × concentration
= 25.0 mL × 8.00 M
= 0.200 moles
Total moles of H⁺ = 0.375 + 0.200
= 0.575 moles
Moles of OH⁻ ions produced = moles of H⁺ ions
= 0.575 moles
The concentration of H+ and OH− ions:
=[H⁺] = [OH⁻] = moles / volume
= 0.575 moles / 1.00 L
= 0.575 M
The pH of the solution:
pH = -log[H⁺]
= -log (0.575)
= 0.2382 (rounded to 0.238)
Therefore, the [H⁺], [OH⁻], and the pH for the given solution are 0.575 M, 0.575 M, and 0.238, respectively.
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What volume will 3.50 mol of ammonia gas occupy at conditions of standard temperature pressure?
A 5.41L
B 10.5 L
C 78.4L
D 7,940L
Answer:
C - 78.4L
Explanation:
Took the test.
Which catastrophic events can be started due to an earthquake? Select all that apply.
A- landslide
B- tsunami
C- tornado
D- hurricane
Answer: A and B
Explanation:
i took the test hope it will help --_o
WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!!!
Answer:
Select all that apply:
B
The number of reactant molecules and product molecules is even.
C and D
The reaction 2N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 occurs.
a student performing an experiment has a container containing 14 g n2, 64 g o2, 8 g he, and 35 g cl2, at a total pressure of 380 mmhg. what is the partial pressure of each gas?
The partial pressure of each gas are 24.13 mmHg, 96.5 mmHg, 9.6 mmHg, and 48.7 mmHg.
The total pressure of 380 mmHg is composed of the partial pressure of each gas in the container. To calculate the partial pressure of each gas, you will need to use the ideal gas law equation:
P = (nRT)/V, where P is the pressure, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the ideal gas constant, T is the temperature, and V is the volume. Using this equation, we can calculate the partial pressure of each gas as follows:
Nitrogen ([tex]N_2[/tex]): 14 g [tex]N_2[/tex] is equal to 1 mol, so the partial pressure is (1 x 0.0821 x 298.15)/1 = 24.13 mmHg
Oxygen ([tex]O_2[/tex]): 64 g [tex]O_2[/tex] is equal to 4 mol, so the partial pressure is (4 x 0.0821 x 298.15)/1 = 96.5 mmHg
Helium (He): 8 g He is equal to 0.4 mol, so the partial pressure is (0.4 x 0.0821 x 298.15)/1 = 9.6 mmHg
Chlorine ([tex]Cl_2[/tex]): 35 g [tex]Cl_2[/tex]is equal to 1.875 mol, so the partial pressure is (1.875 x 0.0821 x 298.15)/1 = 48.7 mmHg
Therefore, the partial pressure of Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Helium (He), and Chlorine (Cl) in the container are 24.13 mmHg, 96.5 mmHg, 9.6 mmHg, and 48.7 mmHg, respectively.
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based on the chromatogram, which amino acids or substances were present in the hydrolyzed equal sample?
Answer: Based on the Chromatogram, the amino acids or substances present in the hydrolyzed equal sample are alanine, glycine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, and tyrosine.
Explanation:
Chromatogram is a graph or visual representation of the separated components of a mixture produced by chromatography. It provides information about the sample components, including their identity and relative amounts.
Based on the given chromatogram, Leucine, Tyrosine, and Phenylalanine amino acids or substances were present in the hydrolyzed equal sample. These amino acids are identified by their retention times, which can be compared to reference standards or databases to determine their identity.
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An acid donates a proton to form its ________ , which therefore has one less _______ , and one more _______ than its acid.
conjugate base, hydrogen atom, negative charge
An acid donates a proton to form its conjugate base, which therefore has one less hydrogen atom and one more negative charge than its acid. The strength of an acid depends on its ability to donate a proton to form its conjugate base. The weaker the acid, the stronger the conjugate base, and the stronger the acid, the weaker the conjugate
base.The conjugate base of a strong acid is weak because it has a very low ability to accept another proton since it is already carrying a negative charge. A weak acid has a strong conjugate base since it has a high ability to accept
another proton. Thus, an acid and its conjugate base are related to each other in terms of their ability to donate or accept a proton. For example, hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates in water to form H+ and Cl-. Its conjugate base is
chloride (Cl-) which is strong since it cannot accept another proton to form HCl again.
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greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that is linked to global warming. it is released into the atmosphere through the combustion of octane (c8h18) in gasoline. write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of octane and calculate the mass of octane needed to release 5.00 mol of co2
The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of octane is:
C₈H₁₈ + 12.5O₂ → 8CO₂ + 9H₂O.
To calculate the mass of octane needed to release 5.00 mol of CO₂, you can use the following equation:
Mass of octane (g) = 5.00 mol × (114.23 g/mol) / (1 mol/8 CO₂).
Therefore, the mass of octane needed to release 5.00 mol of CO₂ is 677.385 g.
Greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that is linked to global warming. It is released into the atmosphere through the combustion of octane (C₈H₁₈) in gasoline.
The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of octane is:
2 C₈H₁₈ + 25O₂ → 16CO₂ + 18H₂O
The mass of octane needed to release 5.00 mol of CO₂ can be calculated using the balanced chemical equation as follows:
1 mol of octane releases 8 mol of CO₂ when it is completely combusted.
Therefore, 5.00 mol of CO₂ will require:
5.00 mol CO₂ × 1 mol octane/8 mol CO₂ = 0.625 mol octane
The molar mass of octane (C₈H₁₈) is 114 g/mol.
Therefore,0.625 mol octane × 114 g/mol = 71.25 g octane is required to release 5.00 mol of CO₂.
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Only the first and second choices are correct.
Polysaccharides always:
Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
are a string of three or more sugar molecules.
are polymers.
contain lipids.
All of the above are correct.
Only the first and second choices are correct.
The correct option will be only the first and second choices are correct.
What are Polysaccharides?Polysaccharides, in general, are carbohydrates that contain a large number of monosaccharide units bonded by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides are the polymers in which the monomer is a sugar molecule. Polymers are large molecules made up of many smaller molecules connected together.
In this case, the smaller molecules are monosaccharides, which are combined to form polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are formed when three or more monosaccharides join together to form a chain.
The correct option is that only the first and second choices are correct.
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How can scientists
use ionization
energy to learn more
about elements that
have not been
discovered yet?
The ionization energy, or ionization potential, is the energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. The closer and more tightly bound an electron is to the nucleus, the more difficult it will be to remove, and the higher its ionization energy will be.
(c)
Ammonia is a weak base.
Describe how you would measure the pH of an aqueous solution of a weak base using Universal
Indicator.
You need to know the hydronium ion concentration in moles per litre to determine the pH of the an aqueous solution (molarity). The equation pH Equals - log [H3O+] is then used to determine the pH.
Why is an all-purpose indicator so helpful for determining pH?An universal indicator is indeed a pH indicator made of the a solution of many compounds which exhibits several continuous colour changes more than a wide range pH levels to indicate the alkaline or acidic nature of solutions.
What are the two techniques you can use to determine a solution's pH?There are two ways to measure pH: colorimetrically with indicator fluids or sheets and electrochemically with electrodes as well as a millivoltmeter for greater accuracy (pH meter).
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a solid melts to a liquid. which of the following statements are true? (assume constant pressure and a flexible container.)
a. This is an endothermic reaction
b. Q is positive
c. The surroundings do work on the system
d. Delta H is negative
A solid melts to a liquid, the following statement is true: Q is positive. Thus, the correct option is B.
What is an endothermic reaction?A system is any part of the universe that we isolate from the rest of the universe to study or comprehend. The surroundings are the rest of the universe. The boundary is the real or imaginary surface that separates the system from the surroundings. The boundary might be an actual physical surface, such as the inside wall of a bomb calorimeter or a piece of dialysis membrane, or it might be an imaginary division, such as an invisible partition through space that separates the air in a balloon from the surrounding air.
Heat and work are two mechanisms for exchanging energy between the system and the surroundings. When a solid melts to a liquid, the heat of fusion is absorbed. This is an endothermic reaction. Q is positive. The surroundings do work on the system. Delta H is positive.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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based on what you understand about the density of co2, what do you suspect happened to the normal air after the co2 was released from the lake? group of answer choices the normal air was displaced by the heavier co2 the co2 was displaced by the heavier normal air the normal air stayed where it was originally
After the CO₂ was released from the lake, the normal air was displaced by the heavier CO₂. This option is correct.
CO₂, or carbon dioxide, is a gas that is slightly heavier than air. The density of CO₂ is approximately 1.98 kg/m³, whereas the density of air is around 1.2 kg/m³.
This means that CO₂ is denser than air and has a greater mass per unit volume. When CO₂ is released from a lake, it will displace the normal air in the surrounding area because of its higher density.
The normal air stayed where it was originally, and it did not displace the heavier CO₂ since CO₂ is heavier than air.
So, the correct option is "the normal air was displaced by the heavier CO₂ ."
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Two changes in atmospheric conditions that scientists should collect data on to determine the cause of this change in weather. Explain how the data for each change would provide information on monsoon formation
By collecting data on changes in wind patterns and moisture levels, scientists can gain a better understanding of the atmospheric conditions that are necessary for monsoon formation and identify any changes that may be occurring.
Two changes in atmospheric conditions that scientists should collect data on to determine the cause of a change in weather during monsoon season are:
Changes in wind patterns - By collecting data on wind patterns, scientists can determine how air is moving throughout the atmosphere. This can provide insight into the direction and strength of monsoon winds, which are a key factor in the formation of monsoons. By analyzing wind data over time, scientists can identify any changes that may be occurring and determine how these changes may be affecting monsoon formation.Changes in moisture levels - The amount of moisture in the atmosphere is another key factor in the formation of monsoons. By collecting data on humidity levels and precipitation patterns, scientists can determine how much moisture is in the atmosphere and how it is moving. This can help to identify any changes in moisture levels that may be affecting monsoon formation and help to determine the cause of these changes.To know more about the Weather, here
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which statement is true of all organic compounds? responses all contain carbon. all contain carbon. all contain nitrogen. all contain nitrogen. all are hydrophobic. all are hydrophobic. all are classified as carbohydrates.
The true statement of all organic compounds is that they all contain carbon.
What are organic compounds?Organic compounds are chemicals that contain carbon atoms that have covalent bonds with other non-metallic atoms, especially hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Because of the special qualities of carbon atoms, carbon has a unique chemistry that enables it to make complex and diverse structures.
Therefore the following statement is true of all organic compounds: All of them have carbon in them.
The statement that "all contain nitrogen" is false since there are many organic compounds that do not contain nitrogen. Also, the statement that "all are carbohydrates" is false since carbohydrates are just one category of organic compounds that make up the broader family of organic compounds. Lastly, the statement that "all are hydrophobic" is also false because there are many organic compounds that are hydrophilic and soluble in water.
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Please use the Atomic Spectroscopy interactive to answer the question. Rank the strength of the given hydrogen emission lines from weakest to strongest.
The hydrogen emission lines in decreasing order of strength are as follows :Balmer α, Balmer β, Balmer γ, Balmer δ and Balmer ε. At a lower energy level, hydrogen is excited by heating or a spark, causing its electrons to jump to higher energy levels.
These electrons subsequently emit photons in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum when they drop back to their lower energy levels.Atomic spectroscopy is a spectroscopic method that examines the spectrum of an atom in the gas phase by absorbing or emitting radiation.
It is a method of elemental analysis that is widely used in the laboratory and industry to determine the presence and concentration of trace elements in a sample. Atomic spectroscopy is divided into three categories: atomic absorption, atomic emission, and atomic fluorescence. All three techniques involve irradiating a sample with radiation of a specific frequency, resulting in the excitation or ionization of atoms or ions. The difference between the techniques is how the sample's interaction with the radiation is measured.
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An electrochemical cell consists of the half-cells Cu2+Cu and Ag IAg. a. Write half-reactions for the reduction of Cu2+ to Cu and Ag to Ag. Include the standard reduction potentials, & b. Write the half-reactions that occur at the anode and at the cathode. Label these. c. Write the balanced equation for this reaction d. How many electrons are transferred during this reaction? e. Write the reaction quotient
a. Ther half-reactions and standard reduction potentials for the reduction of Cu2+ to Cu and Ag to Ag are as follows:-
Cu2+ + 2 e– → Cu, E° = 0.34 V
Ag+ + e– → Ag, E° = 0.80 V
b. The half-reaction at the anode: Cu → Cu2+ + 2 e– (oxidation)
The half-reaction at the cathode: Ag+ + e– → Ag (reduction)
c. Balanced equation for this reaction is as follows:-
Cu + 2 Ag+ → Cu2+ + 2 Ag
d. Two electrons are transferred during this reaction.
e. The reaction quotient (Q) is determined using the equation: Q = [Cu2+][Ag]2 / [Cu][Ag+]2
The anode is the site of oxidation, and the cathode is the site of reduction.
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Molar Mass
What is the molar mass of a gas that has a density of 1.02 g/L at 0.990 atm pressure and 37 degrees C
Which of the following complexes will absorb a photon with the lowest energy?
Group of answer choices
A. [Co(OH)6]3-
B. [Co(SCN)6]3-
C. [Co(NO2)6]3-
The coordination complex that will absorb a photon with the lowest energy is [Co(OH)₆]³⁻.
The complexes have their own absorption spectrum, and therefore they absorb photons of light at different energies, which are frequently shown as specific wavelengths.
The electronic configuration of the metal ions, the nature of the ligands, the geometry of the coordination compound, and the charge on the metal ion are all factors that affect the absorption spectrum of coordination compounds.
Therefore, the quantity of energy required for each complex to absorb a photon of light varies considerably.
Among the given complexes, the complex [Co(OH)₆]³⁻ has the lowest energy to absorb a photon. This is due to the fact that it has six bulky ligands of hydroxyl groups which are strong field ligands that cause crystal field splitting to be high.
As a result, the energy required to excite an electron from the lower energy d-orbitals to the higher energy d-orbitals would be lower. As a result, [Co(OH)₆]³⁻ will absorb a photon with the lowest energy than the other given complexes.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.
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Part A Inhibition of which of the following metabolic pathways would result in decreased rates of CO2 production? O fermentation and glycolysis O oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl COA O oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation Submit Request Answer Provide Feedback hapter 10 apter 10 Question 11 12 of Part A A mutation that disrupts cyclic electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis will specifically reduce the production of which of the following molecules? O NADPH O CO2 O ATP ADP and NADP Submit Recuest Answer Provide Feedback Part A Which of the following statements best summarizes the metabolic results of photorespiration? O ATP is hydrolyzed, oxygen is produced, and carbon dioxide is consumed. O ATP is hydrolyzed, carbon dioxide is produced, and oxygen is consumed. O ATP is produced, oxygen and carbon dioxide are consumed. O ATP and oxygen are produced and carbon dioxide is consumed. Submit Request Answer < Return to Assignment Provide Feedback
Photorespiration is a process which occurs in plants when there is not enough CO2 available for photosynthesis, resulting in the hydrolysis of ATP.
During photorespiration, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced.
The light reactions of photosynthesis produce NADPH and ATP, and when cyclic electron flow is disrupted due to a mutation, the production of NADPH will be reduced.
Without NADPH, the Calvin cycle will not proceed, resulting in the production of glycolic acid, which is further broken down to form glycine, ammonia and carbon dioxide.
This process results in the hydrolysis of ATP and the consumption of oxygen, with the production of carbon dioxide as a by-product.
Photorespiration results in the hydrolysis of ATP, the consumption of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide.
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In an open manometer with an atmospheric pressure of 104 kPa, the mercury level in the arm connected to the gas is 150 mm Hg lower than in the arm connected to the atmosphere. What is the pressure of the gas sample?
If a flexible hot air balloon has a volume of 350,000 L of air at 40 degrees C and 1 atm,
how many moles of air are in the balloon?
How do I solve this?
If a flexible hot air balloon has a volume of 350,000 L of air at 40 degrees C and 1 atm, 13636 moles of air are in the balloon . This is taken out by ideal gas law.
What is ideal gas law?The ideal gas law, also known as the general gas equation, is the state equation for a hypothetical ideal gas. Although it has several limitations, it is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions. Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron proposed it in 1834 as a combination of empirical Boyle's law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law, and Gay Lussac's law.
using the equation P × V= n × R × T
P = Pressure = 1 atm
V = Volume = 350000 L
n = moles
R = 0.082 L.atm.K⁻¹.mol⁻¹
solving for n ,
moles n = 13636 moles
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During transcription initiation in prokaryotes, the sigma subunit binds at the transcription start site forming a closed promoter complex.True or false?
True. During transcription initiation in prokaryotes, the sigma subunit binds at the transcription start site forming a closed promoter complex.
Transcription is the process of converting a DNA sequence into RNA, and it occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, unwinds the DNA double helix, and initiates RNA synthesis.The DNA sequences that the polymerase recognizes are located upstream of the coding sequence, usually within the promoter region, and they must be close enough to the coding sequence to allow for the correct positioning of the transcription machinery to initiate transcription. RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which comprises the core enzyme and the sigma factor, recognises the promoter sequences and initiates transcription.
Prokaryotic transcripts:
Beginning: At this stage, the RNA polymerase enzyme attaches to the DNA sequence at the promotor to begin transcription along with an initiation factor (sigma).
Elongation: In this phase, the RNA polymerase enzyme uses nucleoside triphosphate as a substrate to synthesise complementary strands of nucleotides from template DNA.
Termination: At this point in the DNA sequence, the terminator factor (rho) takes the place of the initiation factor.
At this point, the rho factor separates from the RNA and the RNA polymerase enzyme.
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During the 1920s, installment buying, income
inequality, and stock market speculation
contributed to the
(1) introduction of supply-side economics
(2) return of laissez-faire economic principles
(3) economic weaknesses that helped bring about
the Great Depression
(4) decision to lower tariff rates
During the 1920s, installment buying, income inequality, and stock market speculation contributed to the economic weaknesses that helped bring about the Great Depression.
The use of installment buying allowed consumers to purchase goods on credit, which led to an increase in consumer spending but also led to high levels of personal debt. Income inequality was also a major issue during this time, with a small percentage of the population holding the majority of the wealth. Stock market speculation led to a boom in the stock market, but many investors were buying stocks on margin, which led to a stock market crash in 1929. These factors, along with other economic and political factors, contributed to the Great Depression, which lasted throughout the 1930s.
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The model for the atom that was understood when Bohr made his contributions was called the:
Select the correct answer below:
planetary model
plum pudding model
solid sphere model
quantum model
The model for the atom that was understood when Bohr made his contributions were called the option (A) Planetary Model.
What is the Bohr's Model?Bohr's model, also known as the Planetary model, is a basic model of the atom that explains the atomic structure. The atomic nucleus is in the center of the atom, with electrons moving in circular orbits about it at different energy levels.
The model is called the planetary model because it resembles the planets in the solar system revolving around the sun. The electrons are arranged in concentric circles around the nucleus, with each circle corresponding to a specific energy level.
In summary, when Bohr made his contributions, the model for the atom that was understood was called the Planetary Model.
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A culture of E. coli growing in a medium containing 15NH4Cl15NH4Cl is switched to a medium containing 14NH4Cl14NH4Cl for three generations (an eightfold increase in population). What is the molar ratio of hybrid DNA ( 15N14−N15N−14N ) to light DNA ( 14N14−N14N−14N ) at this point?
The switch from ¹⁵NH₄Cl to ¹⁴NH₄Cl for three generations (an eightfold increase in population) in a culture of E. coli will result in a molar ratio of hybrid DNA ( ¹⁵N-¹⁴N) to light DNA (¹⁴N-¹⁴N) of 3:1.
The reason for this is that during the first replication cycle in the ¹⁴NH₄Cl-containing medium, the hybrid DNA strands will split, and half of the daughter DNA molecules will contain a heavy ¹⁵N nitrogen atom and a light ¹⁴N nitrogen atom.
The remaining daughter DNA molecules will have two light ¹⁴N nitrogen atoms, resulting in a molar ratio of 1:1.
During the next replication cycle, the hybrid DNA strands, in the light ¹⁴NH₄Cl-containing medium, will split once again, and the resulting daughter DNA molecules will either have one heavy and one light nitrogen atom or two light nitrogen atoms. Thus there will be 2 hybrid DNA and 2 pure DNA with light nitrogen, resulting in the same molar ratio of 1:1.
In the next cycle, the 2 molecules with light nitrogen give 4 pure molecules and 2 more pure molecules come from the strand of each hybrid molecule. Thus there is a total of 6 pure molecules. The heavy nitrogen strand of the hybrids gives rise to 2 more hybrids. So, there is a total of 2 hybrids and 6 light nitrogen molecules, resulting in a molar ratio of 3:2.
Therefore, the molar ratio of hybrid DNA ( ¹⁵N-¹⁴N) to light DNA (¹⁴N-¹⁴N) of 3:1.
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Why should copper and sodium be in different groups
Due to their distinctive electron configurations, chemical makeup, and physical characteristics, copper and sodium are assigned to separate groups in the periodic table.
Copper and sodium are both elements that belong to the periodic table, but they are located in different groups due to their different chemical properties. Copper is a transition metal and belongs to group 11, while sodium is an alkali metal and belongs to group 1.
The main reason why copper and sodium are in different groups is because of their electron configurations. Copper has an incomplete d-orbital in its outermost shell, which makes it a transition metal with unique chemical properties. In contrast, sodium has a single valence electron in its outermost shell, which makes it highly reactive and characteristic of the alkali metals.
Furthermore, the physical properties of copper and sodium are also different. Copper is a dense, malleable, and ductile metal with high electrical conductivity, while sodium is a soft and reactive metal that readily reacts with water.
In summary, copper and sodium belong to different groups in the periodic table due to their unique electron configurations, chemical properties, and physical properties.
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In each of the following groups, pick the substance that has the given property. Provide a BRIEF justification your answer.
a. highest boiling point: CCl4 CF4 CBr4
b. lowest freezing point: LiF F2 HCl
c. lowest vapor pressure at 25°C: CH3OCH3 CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH3
d. greatest viscosity: H2S HF H2O2
e. greatest enthalpy of vaporization: H2CO CH3CH3 CH4 f. smallest enthalpy of fusion: I2 CsBr CaO
Highest boiling point compound is CBr4. The compound which has lowest freezing point is F2. The compound which has lowest vapor pressure is CH3CH2OH. The compound which has greatest viscosity is H2O2.
What is boiling point?
The boiling point of a substance is directly related to the strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles of the substance. The compound with the highest boiling point in this group is CBr4 because of its stronger London dispersion forces.
The freezing point of a substance is directly related to the strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles of the substance. A covalent compound has weak van der Waal forces between its particles, and the smaller the particle, the weaker the van der Waal force. F2 has the smallest particle size and therefore the lowest freezing point.c. lowest vapor pressure at 25°C: CH3CH2OH
The vapor pressure of a substance is directly related to the strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles of the substance. The compound with the lowest vapor pressure at 25°C. is CH3CH2OH.
The compound with greatest viscosity: H2O2. Viscosity is a measure of a liquid's resistance to flow. The greater the viscosity, the greater the resistance to flow.
Enthalpy of vaporization is the amount of energy required to vaporize a unit quantity of a substance. The enthalpy of vaporization is related to the strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles of the substance. The compound with smallest enthalpy of fusion is I2.
The enthalpy of fusion is the amount of energy required to melt a unit quantity of a substance. I2 has the weakest intermolecular forces and therefore the smallest enthalpy of fusion.
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For the best system, calculate the ratio of the masses of the buffer components required to make the buffer. Express your answer using two significant figures. NH3/NH4Cl ph=8.95
Answer : The ratio of the masses of NH3 to NH4Cl required to make the buffer is 1.6 x 10^4 : 1.
The buffer system is one of the most important chemical systems. They are usually composed of a weak acid and a salt of its conjugate base or a weak base and a salt of its conjugate acid. The buffer capacity is important as it helps to resist changes in pH. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to calculate the pH of the buffer system.
It's given by: pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]Here, NH3 is the weak base and NH4Cl is the salt of its conjugate acid. NH3 + H2O <--> NH4+ + OH- NH4Cl <--> NH4+ + Cl-By combining the above equations, the ratio of the masses of NH3 and NH4Cl can be found as shown below. pH = pKb + log [salt] / [base] pH = 5.09 + log [NH4Cl] / [NH3]pH = 8.95, pKb of NH3 = 4.74Therefore, 8.95 = 4.74 + log [NH4Cl] / [NH3] 4.21 = log [NH4Cl] / [NH3] [NH4Cl] / [NH3] = antilog (4.21) [NH4Cl] / [NH3] = 1.6 x 10^4
Therefore, the ratio of the masses of NH3 to NH4Cl required to make the buffer is 1.6 x 10^4 : 1.
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