Bladder cancer (BCa) is an endocrine-related tumor and the activation of androgen signaling pathways may promote bladder tumorigenesis.
Abstract:We compiled the research on the effects of altering androgen signaling pathways on Bladder cancer therapy outcomes, both preclinical and clinical. A thorough analysis was done in December 2020. The following criteria were met by the papers we included: examining the effects of androgen signaling regulation on the results of Bladder cancer treatments through innovative preclinical and clinical studies. Eight clinical trials and six preclinical studies were found. Preclinical research shows that the activity of radiation, doxorubicin, cisplatin, gemcitabine, and the Bacillus Calmette Guerin may be affected by the modification of androgen receptor-related pathways.
Patients receiving treatment with 5-ARIs or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) have a considerably lower relative risk of developing Bladder cancer again after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) (Relative risk: 0.50, 95 percent confidence interval: 0.30-0.82; p = 0.006). In patients using 5-ARIs, subgroup analysis showed a relative risk of BCa recurrence of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.22-0.95; p = 0.040). The ratio of T1 Bladder cancer patients in treated/control groups and the relative risk of BCa recurrence were found to be significantly negatively correlated. A promising technique to lower the recurrence rate of Bladder cancer, particularly in patients with early-stage disease, may involve 5-ARI therapy. To corroborate these early findings, additional research is required.
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Miller is giving a lecture on the theories of aging. She explains that genetics, diet, lifestyle, activity, and exposure to pollutants all play a role in the aging process, and suggests that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system affecting your brain's ability to communicate with your muscles and organs. Dr Miller is trying to explain the ________.
According to the theories of aging, Dr Miller is trying to explain the peripheral slowing hypothesis.
What is the peripheral slowing hypothesis?It states that people age because their nervous system's processing accumulates damage from the wear and tear of everyday life, and erodes the normal biochemical activities that occur in cells, tissues, and organs.
The nerves of the brain wear out naturally, directly affecting the mitochondria that provide energy for all cellular activities.
Therefore, we can conclude that Dr Miller is trying to explain the peripheral slowing hypothesis suggests that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system.
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Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are?
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.
A cytoplasmic mechanism called glycolysis converts glucose into two molecules with three carbons each and releases energy. Hexokinase, a phosphorylating enzyme, assists in the phosphorylation process that traps glucose. This reaction uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the end result, glucose-6-P, inhibits hexokinase.As the name implies, glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. Two molecules of pyruvate are created for each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis because pyruvate is a three-carbon molecule and glucose is a six-carbon molecule. Without oxygen, glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Two ATP are produced per gram of glucose as net energy.learn more about glycolysis here: https://brainly.com/question/1966268
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which of the following correctly states the proximal and distal attachments of the sternocleidomastoid
The following which correctly states the proximal and distal attachments of the sternocleidomastoid include:
Sternal manubrium and medial one-third of clavicleMastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line.What is Sternocleidomastoid?This is also known as musculus sternocleidomastoideus and is the superficial muscle present in the neck region. This thick and narrow muscle is also solely responsible for the division of the neck into what is referred to as anterior and posterior triangles.
The proximal and distal attachment of this muscle can be seen in the sternal manubrium and mastoid process and are responsible for certain actions such as rotation of the head etc.
This is therefore the reason why the aforelisted was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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The image below shows the distribution of members of a population. What type of distribution is shown?
A) Uniform
B) Clumped
C) Random
D) Irregular
The population distribution shown in the image is uniform.
What is uniform distribution?A population is said to be uniformly distributed when members of the population are uniformly distributed over the total area available for the population.
In the image, individuals in the population are more or less at an equal distance from one another and cover the entire area available to the population.
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The rectus abdominis is a __________ muscle, while the rectus femoris is a __________ muscle.
The rectus abdominis is a Parallel muscle, while the rectus femoris is a bipennate muscle.
Rectus abdominisThe long muscle of the anterior abdominal wall is the rectus abdominis, most commonly referred to as the "abs muscle." It is readily apparent beneath the skin, forming the "six pack," in people with low body fat. It reaches all the way to the pubic bone from the rib cage. Together with the pyramidalis muscle, the rectus abdominis is a member of the anterior abdominal muscles. However, when considering the functional architecture, these two muscles together with the three lateral abdominal muscles—the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis—make up the anterolateral abdominal wall. The rectus sheath, which is made up of the aponeuroses of the lateral abdominal muscles, surrounds and protects the rectus abdominis muscle. The linea semilunaris is the outside, most lateral line defining the rectus.
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Peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell envelope is an ideal target for antibiotics because ______.
Since antibiotics prevent bacterial growth and replication by interfering with the bacterial cell wall, peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell envelope makes a perfect target for them.
One of the antibiotics that attack the bacterial cell wall in order to work is penicillin. The drugs specifically prevent the bacteria from forming peptidoglycan, a substance that provides their cell walls the tenacity they require to survive inside of humans. Simply put, many antibiotics, including vancomycin, which like beta-lactam antibiotics targets the peptidoglycan in the cell wall, are ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria because they do not possess the molecular characteristics required to effectively use these pathways to breach the outer membrane.learn more about Peptidoglycan here: https://brainly.com/question/24180542
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If a researcher has a DNA sample with a concentration of 0.2 micrograms per microliter, how many microliters of DNA must be transfered to conduct a 50 microliter reaction if the final concentration should be 2.3 nanograms per microliter
The amount, in microliters, of the DNA that must be transferred to conduct the reaction will be 0.575 microliters
Dilution principleThe problem can be solved by using the dilution equation.
Mathematically, the equation is given as:
m1v1 = m2v2
Where m1 = imitial concentration, m2 = final concentration, v1 = initial volume, and v2 = final volume.
However, the initial and final concentrations, in this case, should first be converted to the same units.
0.2 microgram = 0.2 x [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] grams
2.3 nanograms = 2.3 x [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] grams
Thus, 2.3 nanograms = 2.3 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] microgram = 0.0023 microgram
What we are looking for is the initial volume.
v1 = m2v2/m1 = 0.0023 x 50/0.2 = 0.575 microliters
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The _______________ finned fish have strong fleshy limbs supported by strong bones that are attached to the body.
Answer:
Lobe finned fish
Explanation:
Punnett squares are used to show possible combinations of alleles or to predict the probability of a trait occurring in offspring. a parakeet that is heterozygous for blue feathers (dominant) is crossed with a parakeet that is homozygous for white feathers (recessive). a parakeet with white feathers. a parakeet with blue feathers. according to the punnett square for this cross, what percentage of offspring is predicted to have blue feathers?
50% of offspring have blue feathers.
How to make Punnett squares?Let's say the allele for blue feathers, which is dominant, is represented by "B" and that for white feathers, which is recessive, is represented by "b".
One parakeet has heterozygous alleles for blue feathers. Therefore its pair of genes will be represented as - Bb
Another parakeet is homozygous recessive for white feathers. Therefore its pair of genes will be represented as - bb
Gametes formed from Bb will be B and b
Gametes formed from bb will be b and b
Now the cross is made which is here shown by the Punnett square:
B b
b Bb bb
b Bb bb
Bb = blue feathers
bb = white feathers
The phenotypic ratio is = 1 : 1 (blue feathers : white feathers)
The genotypic ratio is = 1 : 1 (Bb : bb)
Therefore, 50% of the offspring have blue feathers and 50% have white feathers.
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Force in the liquid are the forces of attraction between the molecules within the liquid.
Newborns are born with innate abilities to aid in their survival. _____ is an example of an innate ability.
Newborns are born with innate abilities to aid in their survival. Crying is an example of an innate ability.
Innate can be described as something that is in you from the time of birth and you don't have to acquire it in one lifetime. It is like an inbuilt feature of newborns.
Newborns are usually referred from birth to 2 months and they are very delicate in this period as they are exposed to a lot of external environment components and stimuli along with the human reactions towards them and their body and mind slowly learn to respond to them accordingly.
for example, we make weird faces in front of kinds which make them happy, sometimes even a normal activity makes them laugh aloud, walking, swinging, a quick round makes them feel good. Similarly, sometimes they may not like these activities and cry or do not even react to some other.
These reactions by newborns are inbuilt and we don't teach them these. They understand the things happening in their surroundings and respond to them according to their comfort.
Newborns don't have to learn to laugh and cry thus, these reactions are considered innate which is a part of our biological system that is done by the child on his own.
A baby cries immediately after birth. We don't have to teach him to cry that is why crying is considered the first language of babies.
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What is the process of turning water into ice known as?
The process of turning water into ice is known as Condensation.
Condensation converts a substance from a gaseous state to a liquid form, frequently with a reduction in volume. It happens when a gas or vapour comes into touch with a surface that radiates heat, causing the gas or vapour to cool and solidify. Ice is the solidified version of water, which is a liquid. Condensation is the process by which water changes from the liquid phase (which is water) to the solid phase (which is ice).
Hence, The process of turning water into ice is known as Condensation.
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What cytoskeletal elements support the flagellum, and what is its function?
Cytoskeletal filaments provide the basis for cell movement. For instance, cilia and (eukaryotic) flagella move as a result of microtubules sliding along each other. In fact, cross sections of these tail-like cellular extensions show organized arrays of microtubules.
The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is made of filamentous proteins, and it provides mechanical support to the cell and its cytoplasmic constituents. All cytoskeletons consist of three major classes of elements that differ in size and in protein composition.
Microtubules are the largest type of filament, with a diameter of about 25 nanometers (nm), and they are composed of a protein called tubulin. Actin filaments are the smallest type, with a diameter of only about 6 nm, and they are made of a protein called actin. Intermediate filaments, as their name suggests, are mid-sized, with a diameter of about 10 nm. Unlike actin filaments and microtubules, intermediate filaments are constructed from a number of different subunit proteins.
The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.
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In ____________ , a double-stranded RNA molecule separates into single strands. One of the strands prevents a complementary mRNA from being translated.
thick mucous gland secretions, elevated sweat electrolytes, meconium ileus, and diffculty maintaining and gaining weight are associated with which autosomal recessive disorder
thick mucous gland secretions, elevated sweat electrolytes, meconium ileus, and difficulty maintaining and gaining weight are associated with which autosomal recessive disorder Cystic fibrosis.
What is cystic fibrosis?The lungs, digestive system, and other body organs are severely harmed by cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic condition. The cells that make mucus, perspiration, and digestive fluids are impacted by cystic fibrosis. Normally, these produced fluids are slick and thin.It is brought on by a gene defect that interferes with how salt and water enter and exit cells. This can lead to a build-up of thick, sticky mucus in the body's tubes and passages, particularly the lungs and digestive system, along with recurrent infections.As a result of cystic fibrosis, the lungs, pancreas, and intestines get clogged with thick mucus.
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As compared to the neanderthals, middle stone age fossil humans found in africa reflect more:______
As com[pared to the neanderthals, middle stone age fossil humans founs in Africa reflect more Similarities with homo erectus.
Neanderthals and modern human differentiate by the measurement of our brain-case and pelvic shape can reliably separate both. Three tiny bones of our middle ear , vital in hearing, can be readily distinguished both .
Modern human and Neanderthals both shared a common ancestors roughly half a million year ago.They both are split an devolve in parallel- human in Africa , Neanderthals on Eurasian continent.Neanderthals are an extinct species of ancient humans. We are not evolved from neanderthals, they are our most recent relatives.
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The term ____________________ describes any degenerative or inflammatory condition of the kidney.
The term Nephritis describes any degenerative or inflammatory condition of the kidney.
A disorder when the kidney's tissues swell up and have trouble removing waste from the circulation. Infections, inflammatory problems (like lupus), specific genetic conditions, and other illnesses or conditions can all contribute to nephritis.When deposits of the antibody build up in the glomeruli, IgA nephropathy develops. It could take a while before the inflammation and related damage are seen. Urine that contains blood is the most typical sign.Infections, inflammatory problems (like lupus), specific genetic conditions, and other illnesses or conditions can all contribute to nephritis. It might also be brought on by using specific medications or coming into contact with specific substances.learn more about nephritis here: https://brainly.com/question/608378
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What are the biggest advantages of natural gas as a fuel source?
Due to its cleaner combustion, natural gas is the most environmentally safe fossil fuel. Natural gas doesn't have as many toxic combustion byproducts as other fossil fuels.
Natural gas is adaptable. Starting and stopping a gas-fired power plant is substantially faster than one that burns coal. Due to its flexibility, it complements renewable energy sources like solar and wind, which are only usable when the sun is out and the wind is blowing.When burned to produce power, natural gas is the cleanest-burning hydrocarbon, releasing about half as much carbon dioxide (CO2) and only one-tenth as much air pollutants as coal. By switching to natural gas from coal, there is a significant opportunity to cut CO2 emissions and air pollution in the near future.Because Natural gas is now so widely accessible through LNG, it can assist nations in coping with short-term supply interruptions.learn more about Natural gas here: https://brainly.com/question/4677279
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During the process of learning, the brain shows a characteristic called _____, which is the ability to change in response to intensive usage for a particular task like memorizing a page of physiology notes.
During the process of learning, the brain shows a characteristic called Plasticity.
What is plasticity?The ability of the brain to reconfigure its structure and function biologically, chemically, and physically is referred to as brain plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity can develop as a result of brain damage or as a result of learning, experience, and memory formation.
New neural pathways become stronger with learning and new experiences, whereas less-used neural pathways weaken and eventually die. Synaptic pruning is the name of this procedure.
Recent studies suggest that mature brains continue to display plasticity as a function of learning, despite being usually linked with changes in childhood. Neuroplasticity has protective effects on trauma management during human development. Learning a second language or a musical instrument can also boost neuroplasticity.
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Traditionally, primate characteristics have been explained as the result of adaptation to _____ environments.
Traditionally, primate characteristics have been explained as the result of adaptation to arboreal environments.
What are primate adaptations?Because they are all descended from creatures that lived in trees, all primate species have adaptations for climbing. This arboreal heritage of primates has led to adaptations including, but not limited to: 1) a rotating shoulder joint; 2) a big toe that is widely separated from the other toes and thumbs, which are widely separated from fingers (except humans), which allow for grasping branches; and 3) stereoscopic vision, which consists of two overlapping fields of vision from the eyes and allows for the perception of depth and gauging distance.
Other traits of primates include larger brains than those of most other animals (greater brain/body ratio than similar-sized non-primates), claws that have evolved into flattened nails, the tendency to carry the body upright, and just one kid on average per pregnancy.
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Due to having partly filled d-orbitals ___ metals usually show variable valency.
Answer:
Due to having partly filled d-orbitals transition metals usually show variable valency.
Explanation:
Between the (n-1)d and ns subshells, there is relatively little energy difference. (n-1)d and ns electrons can be found in transition metals.
Transition metals can instantly obtain half-filled and completely filled stable structures after losing a few s and d electrons.
They could have several of these oxidation states.
Since the creation of chemical bonds involves both (n-1) d and ns.
What are transition metals?Transitional elements are those belonging to groupings 3 through 12. (or III B to VIII). The term "Transition Metals" refers to a group of 38 elements. Contrary to the majority of Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Non-Metals, Halogens, Metalloids, Lanthanides, and Actinides, Transition Metals are colored both in their compounds and in their pure state. This is due to the crystal structure of the compounds created by the transition metals, which allows them to absorb a certain frequency (color) of visible light and produce a complementary color in return (frequency). Keep in mind that on the color wheel, the complementary color is the one that is opposite to the absorbed color.
Let's say we use crystals of ammonium dichromate (NH4)2Cr2O7 (there is a Chromium atom in one molecule of the compound). Because the molecules in the complex absorb blue light and reflect the complementary color, it appears orange to us (in this case, Orange). Because organic substances absorb light from beyond the visible light spectrum and then simultaneously reflect all of the visible light, we see them as being white or colorless.
The Transition elements are:
ScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumHafniumTantalumTungestnRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitneriumDarmstadtiumRoentgeniumCoperniciumThat’s it.
Carbon can be found in which
of the following substances?
A. salt
B. water
C. helium
D. carbohydrates
Answer:
D, Carbohydrates
Explanation:
(C⋅H2O)n is the chemical compound of carbohydrates. The carbon is bonded with water. Carbohydrates literally means: Carbon hydrate, hence Carbon(C) and water(H2O).
What is the second greatest color of light chlorophyll A absorbs?
Answer: Chlorophyll a absorbs violet and orange light the most. Chlorophyll b absorbs mostly blue and yellow light.
Explanation: They both also absorb light of other wavelengths with less intensity.
Which structure is highlighted?
a. anterior cavity
b. pupil
c. posterior cavity
d. iris lens
Option (c) Posterior cavity is the highlighted structure.
The area behind the lens that extends to the retina's location on the back side of the internal eyeball is known as the posterior cavity. The vitreous humor, a more viscous fluid, fills the posterior cavity.
The posterior chamber is a crucial component in the creation and movement of aqueous humor.
The posterior chamber receives the aqueous humor secreted by the ciliary body's epithelium, which then flows through the pupil and into the anterior chamber.
The anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical components behind it, including the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve, are located in the posterior segment, also known as the posterior cavity, which makes up the back two-thirds of the eye.
Hence, Posterior cavity is the highlighted structure.
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The purpose for the delay in the conduction of the action potential from the AV node to the bundle branches of the ventricles is to allow ______, before the ventricles contract.
The purpose of the delay in the conduction of the action potential is to allow the atria to complete their contraction, before the ventricles contract.
What are the atria?The atria are two different heart sections/chambers located at the upper region of the heart.
The atria play a fundamental role during the during heart cycle, i.e. they act as blood reservoirs in the systole.
In conclusion, the purpose of the delay in the conduction of the action potential is to allow the atria to complete their contraction.
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PLS HELP I CANT FAIL THIS
The chart shows four stages of demographic transition. Which situation best
describes the industrial stage (Stage 3)?
Rate per 1000
40
30
20
10
0
Stage 1
Preindustrial
stage
-
Stage 2
Transitional
stage
Total population
-
Stage 3
Industrial
stage
Death rate
A. High and stable total population
B. High birthrate and death rate
OC. Exponentially increasing death rate
D. Sharply dropping birthrate
The chart shows four stages of demographic transition, and the situation that best explains the industrial stage (Stage 3) is the sharply dropping birth rate that is in Option D. Option D is correct regarding the industrial stage.
What is the reason for the population increase?The population increase or decrease depends upon the resources that are available for population growth, such as food, a place to live, etc., and if all these are present in abundance, then an increase in population growth is seen. Because there were not all of the resources available at the early time, such as proper food, sanitation, a place to live, and so on, population growth was slow. However, due to the development of the industrial sectors and improved living conditions, population growth is seen with a decrease in the death rate.
Hence, the situation that best explains the industrial stage (Stage 3) is the sharply dropping birth rate in Option D. Option D is correct regarding the industrial stage.
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What type of organism harvests energy to build organic molecules that support animals, fungi, and all the other levels of a food web
Primary producer type of organism harvests energy to build organic molecules that support animals, fungi, and all the other levels of a food web.
What is primary producer?The only organisms that can harvest energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to create food are plants, some algae, and specific bacteria.With some plants releasing seeds that only germinate after a fierce fire, the chaparral vegetation is predominately made up of shrubs and is adapted to recurrent fires.Autotrophs include algae, plants, certain bacteria, and fungi. Autotrophs are the food chain's producers because they make their own energy and nutrients. Like the majority of autotrophs, kelp produces energy through a process known as photosynthesis.All fungi are heterotrophic, which means they draw their energy from other living things.Learn more about organism here:
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The triceps brachii muscle attaches to the olecranon process of the ulna crossing the posterior side of the elbow joint. that will allow the triceps to be a(n) __________ of the elbow joint.
The triceps brachii muscle attaches to the olecranon process of the ulna crossing the posterior side of the elbow joint. that will allow the triceps to be an Extensor of the elbow joint.
Directly affected is the common extensor tendon, which arises from the lateral epicondyle of the elbow. The common extensor tendon is made up of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and longus, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, and extensor carpi ulnaris.The main elbow flexors are the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The main elbow extensor is the triceps brachii. Although it is also believed that the anconeus contributes to elbow extension.The proximal articular region of the ulna is called the olecranon. It creates the larger sigmoid notch, which articulates with the humerus to allow for elbow flexion and extension, together with the coronoid process.The main point of attachment for the forearm's extensor muscles is the common extensor tendon. This promotes forearm supination and allows finger extension.learn more about Olecranon process: https://brainly.com/question/5986282
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How does oxygen binding change the quaternary structure of hemoglobin?
Answer: Oxygen binding causes a change in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin where hemoglobin changes quaternary structure from the T (tense) state that has a low affinity of oxygen to the R (relaxed) state that has a higher affinity of oxygen.
Explanation:
Which of the following describes the PHOTIC ZONE of the open ocean?
A. the shallowest part of the ocean where there is enough light to support plant life
B. the part of the ocean that CANNOT support photosynthesis
C. the darkest part of the ocean, where NO light can penetrate
Photic Zone of the open ocean is the shallowest part of the ocean where there is enough light to support plant life.
Therefore, the correct answer is Option A.
What is Photic Zone?Photic zone forms the top layer found near the surface of the ocean.It is also called the sunlight layer as it allows sunlight to penetrate which allows the organisms present in this layer to photosynthesize.In oceans, the photic zone may be as deep as 200 meters.Because of the availability of sunlight, many life forms are present in this zone like turtles, sharks, jellyfish, corals, phytoplanktons, zooplanktons etc.Below the photic zone is present the Disphotic zone or twilight layer where only small amount of light penetrates.Further below is the darkness or aphotic zone where there is no light. This forms about 90% of the ocean.Learn more about the photic zone here:
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