Explain both the physical and chemical breakdown of food in any one (1) of the four main stages of the digestive system

Answer:

Explanation:

Table 1. Functions of the Digestive Organs

Organ Major functions Other functions

Mouth  

Ingests food

Chews and mixes food

Begins chemical breakdown of carbohydrates

Moves food into the pharynx

Begins breakdown of lipids via lingual lipase

Moistens and dissolves food, allowing you to taste it

Cleans and lubricates the teeth and oral cavity

Has some antimicrobial activity

Pharynx  

Propels food from the oral cavity to the esophagus

Lubricates food and passageways

Esophagus  

Propels food to the stomach

Lubricates food and passageways

Stomach  

Mixes and churns food with gastric juices to form chyme

Begins chemical breakdown of proteins

Releases food into the duodenum as chyme

Absorbs some fat-soluble substances (for example, alcohol, aspirin)

Possesses antimicrobial functions

Stimulates protein-digesting enzymes

Secretes intrinsic factor required for vitamin B12 absorption in small intestine

Small intestine  

Mixes chyme with digestive juices

Propels food at a rate slow enough for digestion and absorption

Absorbs breakdown products of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, along with vitamins, minerals, and water

Performs physical digestion via segmentation

Provides optimal medium for enzymatic activity

Accessory organs  

Liver: produces bile salts, which emulsify lipids, aiding their digestion and absorption

Gallbladder: stores, concentrates, and releases bile

Pancreas: produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

Bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juices help neutralize acidic chyme and provide optimal environment for enzymatic activity

Large intestine  

Further breaks down food residues

Absorbs most residual water, electrolytes, and vitamins produced by enteric bacteria

Propels feces toward rectum

Eliminates feces

Food residue is concentrated and temporarily stored prior to defecation

Mucus eases passage of feces through colon

Digestive Processes

The processes of digestion include six activities: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation.

The first of these processes, ingestion, refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth. There, the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin breaking down the carbohydrates in the food plus some lipid digestion via lingual lipase. Chewing increases the surface area of the food and allows an appropriately sized bolus to be produced.

This image shows the peristaltic movement of food. In the left image, the food bolus is towards the top of the esophagus and arrows pointing downward show the direction of movement of the peristaltic wave. In the center image, the food bolus and the wave movement are closer to the center of the esophagus and in the right image, the bolus and the wave are close to the bottom end of the esophagus.

Figure 1. Peristalsis moves food through the digestive tract with alternating waves of muscle contraction and relaxation.

Food leaves the mouth when the tongue and pharyngeal muscles propel it into the esophagus. This act of swallowing, the last voluntary act until defecation, is an example of propulsion, which refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract. It includes both the voluntary process of swallowing and the involuntary process of peristalsis. Peristalsis consists of sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along (Figure 1). These waves also play a role in mixing food with digestive juices. Peristalsis is so powerful that foods and liquids you swallow enter your stomach even if you are standing on your head.

Digestion includes both mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical digestion is a purely physical process that does not change the chemical nature of the food. Instead, it makes the food smaller to increase both surface area and mobility. It includes mastication, or chewing, as well as tongue movements that help break food into smaller bits and mix food with saliva. Although there may be a tendency to think that mechanical digestion is limited to the first steps of the digestive process, it occurs after the food leaves the mouth, as well. The mechanical churning of food in the stomach serves to further break it apart and expose more of its surface area to digestive juices, creating an acidic “soup” called chyme. Segmentation, which occurs mainly in the small intestine, consists of localized contractions of circular muscle of the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal. These contractions isolate small sections of the intestine, moving their contents back and forth while continuously subdividing, breaking up, and mixing the contents. By moving food back and forth in the intestinal lumen, segmentation mixes food with digestive juices and facilitates absorption.

classify. the procedures of collecting population data
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A late preterm newborn is being prepared for discharge to home after being in the neonatal intensive care unit for 4 days. The nurse instructs the parents about the care of their newborn and emphasizes warning signs that should be reported to the pediatrician immediately. The nurse determines that additional teaching is needed based on which parental statement?

a. "If our newborn's skin turns yellow, it is from the treatments and our newborn is okay."
b. "If our newborn does not have a wet diaper in 12 hours, we will call our pediatrician."
c. "We will let the pediatrician know if our newborn's temperature goes above 100.4°F (38°C)."
d. "We will call 911 if we start to see that our newborn's lips or skin are looking bluish."

3. The brain and the spinal cord make up which part of the Nervous System?

O Peripheral Nervous System
O Central Nervous System
OExterior Nervous System
O Interior Nervous Systern​

7. Which of the following choices can speed up how fast alcohol leaves your body's system?

A. a cold shower

B. coffee

C. walking it off

D. None of the choices are correct

__________________________________________

8. Cirrhosis is:

A. an addiction to alcohol.

B. cancer of the liver.

C. inflammation of the liver.

D. scarring of the liver

A 21-year-old woman presents with a 3-month history of a black mole on her right calf. She tells you that the lesion is enlarging and expanding. It began to itch about 3 weeks ago, and it has bled 2 times. She thinks that there may have been a mole near the same spot previously, but she is not certain. Her general health is good; there is no history of chronic illness, hospitalizations, or surgeries. She works as a professional model for a large advertisement agency. She does not take any prescription medication; she does not use tobacco, alcohol, or recreational drugs. Although she has dark hair, she has a fair skin, and she says that she usually burns with even short sun exposure. She does occasionally use a tanning booth prior to modeling events and vacations. There is no family history of skin cancer.
VS stable, she looks anxious, but she is otherwise well.
There is a dark brown-black nodule on the right calf 1 cm in diameter.
On the surface of the nodule, there is a tiny area of crusting. There are no hairs. The nodule is asymmetrical, and its border is sharply demarcated; the color is uniform, and the elevation is regular. There is a narrow (1-2 mm) rim of erythema around most of the nodule. She has a sprinkling (about 25-30 in all) of melanocytic nevi on her trunk and legs. There is no significant local or distal lymphadenopathy. The liver is not palpable. The remainder of the physical examination is unremarkable.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A food worker is cooking a whole salmon fillet.
What minimum internal temperature must the salmon reach?
a. 135°F (57°C)
O b. 145°F (63°C)
O c. 155°F (68°C)
O d. 165°F (74°C)

Is brown sugar healthier then white sugar? ​

4. What is the purpose of the maintenance phase of recovery?
A. to reduce the life-threatening effect of alcohol withdrawal
B. to help the patient choose a treatment that best suits his or her needs
C. to explain the dangers involved in continued alcohol abuse
D. to help the recovering alcoholic avoid relapse

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In the 1800’s and early 1900’s, what were the leading causes of death?

1, You can catch a STI or HIV from door knobs, toilet seats, or drinking fountains. True or False
2, Statistics show the largest number of people who have Chlamydia are teenagers and young adults. True or False
3, Syphilis and gonorrhea are the only serious STI. True or False
4, The symptoms of STI/HIV are sometimes not noticed. True or False
5, When the symptoms of STI go away, you don't need to see a doctor. True or False
6, You can only have one STI at a time. True or False
7, There are things you can do to reduce your risk of a STI infection. True or False
8, You have to be 18 years or older to be treated for STI/HIV. True or False
9, Once you've had an STI you cannot get that particular STI again. True or False
10, You cannot get STI/HIV the first time you have sex. True or False
11, You have to name your sexual contacts when you receive STI/HIV treatment. True or False
12, You do not need your parent’s consent to be treated for STI/HIV. True or False
13, You can always tell if a person has a STI by looking at their genitals. True or False
14, Untreated STI can cause sterility (inability to become or get someone pregnant). True or False
15, Clean people are not likely to get an STI. True or False
16, People who choose abstinence will not get an STI. True or False
17, STI/HIV are easy to cure. True or False
18, All STIs can be cured. True or False
19, Condoms provide a good protection from STI/HIV. True or False

PLS HELP AND THANK YOU

Glenn has a family history of diabetes. Which lifestyle change should he adopt to lower his chances of developing diabetes?

IDENTIFY 2 MYTHS YOU DID NOT KNOW, EXISTED?

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Muscular endurance is a component of health related physical fitness ?

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a. The number of calories needed increases throughout a person's lifetime.
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c. The number of calories needed increases from young adulthood until old age.
d. The number of calories needed remains the same from young adulthood throughout old age.

In the space provided, describe how the intestines, liver, stomach, and pancreas all work together



1-2 sentences

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Carmen tells Martina, "I had sex twice without protection and I didn't get pregnant or any STIs. I'm sure you'll be fine too."

What type of peer pressure is Carmen using?

A.
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B.
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•Narcotics
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talking
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standing
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