Find the general anti-gradient, f, for the following: (i.e. f was the original function, and you are given the gradient of the function.) (a) Vf(x,y) = (6x + 4yº, –2 + 12xy?) (b) Vf(x,y) = ( 95 - 2e-20, - sako + 4y)

Answers

Answer 1

(a) The general anti-gradient for ∇f(x,y) = (6x + 4y^3, –2 + 12xy^2) is f(x,y) = 3x^2 + 4xy^3 – 2y + C

(b) The general anti-gradient for ∇f(x,y) = (6x/y^2 -2e^-2x, 6x^2/y^3+4y) is f(x,y) = 3x^2/y^2 + e^-2x + 2y^2 + C

(a) To find the general anti-gradient f for ∇f(x,y) = (6x + 4y^3, –2 + 12xy^2), we need to integrate each component of the gradient with respect to its corresponding variable.

Thus, we have

f(x,y) = ∫(6x + 4y^3) dx + C1

f(x,y) = 3x^2 + 4xy^3 + C1

f(x,y) = ∫(–2 + 12xy^2) dy + C2

f(x,y) = –2y + 4x y^3 + C2

where C1 and C2 are constants of integration

Therefore, the general anti-gradient for ∇f(x,y) = (6x + 4y^3, –2 + 12xy^2) is

f(x,y) = 3x^2 + 4xy^3 – 2y + C

where C is an arbitrary constant.

(b) To find the general anti-gradient f for ∇f(x,y) = (6x/y^2 -2e^-2x, 6x^2/y^3+4y), we need to integrate each component of the gradient with respect to its corresponding variable

Thus, we have

f(x,y) = ∫(6x/y^2 -2e^-2x) dx + C1

f(x,y) = 3x^2/y^2 + e^-2x + C1

f(x,y) = ∫(6x^2/y^3+4y) dy + C2

f(x,y) = 3x^2/y^2 + 2y^2 + C2

where C1 and C2 are constants of integration.

Therefore, the general anti-gradient for ∇f(x,y) = (6x/y^2 -2e^-2x, 6x^2/y^3+4y) is

f(x,y) = 3x^2/y^2 + e^-2x + 2y^2 + C

where C is an arbitrary constant.

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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:

Find the general anti-gradient, f, for the following: (i.e. f was the original function, and you are given the gradient of the function.) (a)  ∇f(x,y) = (6x + 4y^3, –2 + 12xy^2) (b)  ∇f(x,y) = (6x/y^2 -2e^-2x, 6x^2/y^3+4y)


Related Questions

Find the product of 3√20 and √5 in simplest form. Also, determine whether the result is rational or irrational and explain your answer.

Answers

Answer:

30, rational

Step-by-step explanation:

[tex]3\sqrt{20}\cdot\sqrt{5}=3\sqrt{4}\sqrt{5}\cdot\sqrt{5}=(3\cdot2)\cdot5=6\cdot5=30[/tex]

The result is rational because it can be written as a fraction of integers.

A dietician is planning a snack package of fruit and nuts. Each ounce of fruit will supply 1 unit of​ protein, 2 units of​ carbohydrates, and 1 unit of fat. Each ounce of nuts will supply 1 unit of​ protein, 1 unit of​ carbohydrates, and 1 unit of fat. Every package must provide at least 8 units of​ protein, at least 11 units of​ carbohydrates, and no more than 10 units of fat. Let x equal the ounces of fruit and y equal the ounces of nuts to be used in each package.

Let x be the number of ounces of fruit and y the number of ounces of nuts. Referring to the​ chart, give the three inequalities that x and y must satisfy because of the​ package's requirements for​ protein, fat, and carbohydrate.

__ _ 8
__ _ 11
__ _ 10

Give the inequalities that x and y must satisfy because they cannot be negative.
y ≥ __
x ≥ __

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

The three inequalities that x and y must satisfy because of the package's requirements for protein, fat, and carbohydrate are:

Protein: 1x + 1y ≥ 8 (at least 8 units of protein)

Carbohydrates: 2x + 1y ≥ 11 (at least 11 units of carbohydrates)

Fat: 1x + 1y ≤ 10 (no more than 10 units of fat)

The inequalities that x and y must satisfy because they cannot be negative are:

x ≥ 0

y ≥ 0

Step-by-step explanation:

To satisfy the requirements for protein, fat, and carbohydrates, the following three inequalities must be satisfied:

1. 1x + 1y ≥ 8 (At least 8 units of protein)

2. 2x + 1y ≥ 11 (At least 11 units of carbohydrates)

3. 1x + 1y ≤ 10 (No more than 10 units of fat)

To ensure that x and y are non-negative, the following inequalities must be satisfied:

x ≥ 0y ≥ 0

Therefore, the complete set of inequalities for x and y are:

x + y ≥ 82x + y ≥ 11x + y ≤ 10x ≥ 0y ≥ 0

given: circle a externally tangent to circle b. a common internal tangent is segment ab line s line r

Answers

Circle A externally tangent to circle B, a common internal tangent is line r. so, the correct answer is A).

In a configuration where Circle A is externally tangent to Circle B, a common internal tangent is a line that is tangent to both circles and lies between them. This line is commonly referred to as the "direct common tangent" or "line of centers" and is denoted by letter r.

Line r is the direct common tangent because it passes through the centers of both circles and is perpendicular to the line segment that connects their centers. It also separates the two circles into distinct regions. Therefore, line r is the correct answer.

Line s is a common external tangent because it is tangent to both circles but lies outside of them, while segment AB is not a tangent but rather a chord of Circle A. So, the correct option is A).

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___The given question is incomplete, the complete question is given below:

Given: Circle A externally tangent to Circle B.

A common internal tangent is

A. line r

B. Line s

C. Segment AB

You want to know what students at your school would most like to attend a professional football, basketball or baseball game. Which sample should you choose for your servey?


1- 5 of your friends 2- the basketball team 3- 25 random students

Answers

Answer:

3

Step-by-step explanation:

you would need to conduct a survey on random people to know what the would like

what is the square root of 36 divided by 5 times 12 divided by the cube root of 343 rounded to the nearest 2 decimal point

Answers

Answer:

  2.06

Step-by-step explanation:

You want the value of the numerical expression √36÷5×12÷∛343.

Calculator

This is a straightforward calculator problem. Your pocket calculator, or any of numerous calculator apps, online calculators, or spreadsheets can evaluate this expression for you.

The attachment shows the result is 2.06.

__

Additional comment

As expressed in this problem statement, the expression is ...

  [tex]\dfrac{\sqrt{36}\times12}{5\times\sqrt[3]{343}}=\dfrac{6\cdot12}{5\cdot7}=\dfrac{72}{35}[/tex]

If you mean something else, you need to identify the quantities that need to be considered as a unit.

The length of a rectangle is 3 cm longer than twice the width. The area of the
rectangle is 90 sq cm. Find the length and the width of the rectangle.

Answers

as you know the area of a rectangle is length*width.
x=width
2x+3=length
x(2x+3)=90
now we just calculate the results
2x^2+3x=90
2x^2+15x-12x-90=0
(2x+15)(x-6)=0
we have 2 possible solutions
x=-15/2
x=6
since it cant be negative, the width is 6cm and the length 6*2+3=15
brainliest would be nice:))
x

Is the following sequence arithmetic or geometric? Find the common difference or ratio, depending on which one it is: 32, 8, 2, ....

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

The given sequence is geometric.

To find the common ratio (r) of the sequence, we need to divide any term by its preceding term. Let's divide the second term (8) by the first term (32):

r = 8/32 = 1/4

Now, we can use the formula for a geometric sequence to find any term:

an = a1 * r^(n-1)

where:

an = nth term of the sequence

a1 = first term of the sequence

r = common ratio

n = position of the term we want to find

Let's use this formula to find the third term:

a3 = 32 * (1/4)^(3-1) = 2

So, the common ratio of the sequence is 1/4, and each term is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by 1/4. The sequence is decreasing rapidly because the ratio is less than 1.

8. A rectangle is inch longer
than it is wide.
Let w=width.
Let = length.
Graph=w+
l=w

Answers

By the values of w and l we can plot the graph as shown in figure.

Define the term graph?

A graph in x-y axis plot is a visual representation of mathematical functions or data points on a Cartesian coordinate system. The x-axis represents the horizontal or independent variable, while the y-axis represents the vertical or dependent variable. A line or curve is drawn connecting the plotted points to show the relationship between the two variables.

Our equation is;

[tex]l = w +\frac{1}{2}[/tex]

Table between w and l can be draw as;

w            l

1         [tex]1+\frac{1}{2}[/tex] = 1.5

2        [tex]2+\frac{1}{2}[/tex] = 2.5

3        [tex]3+\frac{1}{2}[/tex] = 3.5

4        [tex]4+\frac{1}{2}[/tex] = 4.5

By these values we can plot the graph as shown in figure.

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Please help me to solve question 12 asap

Answers

The height of the pole is approximately 17.75 meters.

Describe Trigonometry?

The main trigonometric functions are sine, cosine, and tangent, which are abbreviated as sin, cos, and tan, respectively. They are used to relate the angles of a right triangle to the lengths of its sides. The sine function gives the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the hypotenuse of the triangle. The cosine function gives the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse. The tangent function gives the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side.

Let's denote the height of the pole as h, and let's denote the distance between the pole and the student's original position (due west of the pole) as x.

From the student's original position, we have a right triangle with the pole being the hypotenuse. The angle opposite to the height of the pole is 40°. So, we have:

tan(40°) = h/x

From the student's new position (10 m due south of the original position), we have another right triangle with the pole being the hypotenuse. The angle opposite to the height of the pole is 35°. The distance between the pole and the student's new position is (x+10) meters (the student moved 10 m south). So, we have:

tan(35°) = h/(x+10)

Now we have two equations with two unknowns (h and x). We can solve for x in terms of h from the first equation:

x = h/tan(40°)

Substitute this expression for x into the second equation:

tan(35°) = h/((h/tan(40°))+10)

Simplify and solve for h:

h = (10 tan(35°) tan(40°)) / (tan(40°) - tan(35°)) ≈ 17.75 m

Therefore, the height of the pole is approximately 17.75 meters.

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can someone please!!! THANK YOU PLEASE!

Answers

Answer:

84 [cm³]

Step-by-step explanation:

if to imagine the given figure as parallelepiped, then the required volume can be calculated as V[1]-V[2], where V[2] is the additional part.

finally, V=10*2*7-7*2*4=84.

All the details are in the attachment.

can you help me to solve this question?

Answers

The asymptotes of the function f(x) = (2x² - 5x + 3)/(x - 2) are given as follows:

Vertical asymptote at x = 2.Oblique asymptote at: y = 2x - 3/2.

How to obtain the asymptotes of the function?

The function for this problem is defined as follows:

f(x) = (2x² - 5x + 3)/(x - 2)

The vertical asymptote is the value of x for which the function is not defined, hence it is at the zero of the denominator, and thus it is given as follows:

x - 2 = 0

x = 2.

The oblique asymptote is at the quotient of the two functions, hence:

(mx + b)(x - 2) = 2x² - 5x + 3

mx² + (b - 2m) - 2b = 2x² - 5x + 3.

Hence the values of m and b are given as follows:

m = 2.-2b = 3 -> b = -3/2.

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PLEASEE HELP ITS DUE TONIGHT!!!
Find the area of the shaded region

Answers

Answer: 84

Step-by-step explanation:

Area of whole rectangle = lb = 11x9 = 99

Area of Inner rectangle = lb = 5x3 = 15

Area of Shaded region = Area of whole rectangle - Area of Inner rectangle
                                      = 99 - 15

                                      = 84

Answer:

Area of shaded region = 84 units²

Step-by-step explanation:

Area = Area of bigger - Area of smaller

[tex] { \tt{area = (11 \times 9) - (5 \times 3)}} \\ \\ { \tt{area = 99 - 15}} \\ \\ { \tt{area = 84 \: units {}^{2} }}[/tex]

Which graph matches the function given:

Answers

use desmos graphing calculator it will help !!

What type of exercise is ideal for a client who is new to strength training and learning new movement patterns

Answers

Answer:

For a client who is new to strength training and learning new movement patterns, it is ideal to start with bodyweight exercises and light resistance training. This will help them focus on proper form and technique without risking injury. Additionally, exercises that engage multiple muscle groups and involve functional movements, such as squats, lunges, and push-ups, are recommended as they provide a good foundation for overall strength and fitness. It is important to progress slowly and gradually increase resistance over time as the client becomes more comfortable with the movements and their strength improves. A certified personal trainer or strength coach can provide guidance and create a tailored program to meet the individual needs and goals of the client.

Mr. Roy captures 15 snapping turtles near some wetland by his house. He marks them with a “math is cool” label and releases them back into the wild. 6 months later, he captures another 15 snapping turtles – 4 of which were marked. Estimate the population of snapping turtles in the area to the nearest whole number. Show your work.

Answers

Answer: 56

Step-by-step explanation:

One possible method to estimate the population of snapping turtles in the area is by using the mark and recapture method, also known as the Lincoln-Petersen index.

According to this method, the population size can be estimated by dividing the number of marked individuals in the second sample by the proportion of marked individuals in the combined sample. In other words:

Estimated population size = (Number of individuals in sample 1 × Number of individuals in sample 2) / Number of marked individuals in sample 2

Using the information provided in the problem, we can fill in the formula as follows:

Estimated population size = (15 × 15) / 4

Estimated population size = 56.25

Rounding to the nearest whole number, we get an estimated population size of 56 snapping turtles in the area.

label the parts of an atom​

Answers

Answer:

1. Neutron

2. Nucleus shell

3. Proton

4. Electron

3. The following questions refer to the section “Building the Client Presentation” in the case file. They loosely follow the bullet points in that section (though with more detail). Use Excel for the calculations.

a. First, convert the index values in local currencies to US dollars (see Appendix A). Note that exchange rates are quoted as foreign currency per dollar, i.e., 100 Japanese Yen would buy 1 US dollar.

b. Calculate the average monthly returns and the standard deviations for all country indexes in both local currency and US dollars for the entire sample. Annualize the statistics. Repeat for the two sub-periods (before and after 2002). Present your results in a table (or tables) that allows for easy comparisons.

c. Estimate the correlation matrix of the country index returns in both local currency and US dollars for the three time periods under consideration (Tip: Check under the Data Analysis module in Excel).

d. Calculate how much an investor would have earned if he or she had invested $1 in the US (S&P 500), the Developed ex-US (EAFE), and the Emerging Market (EM) indexes in both local currency and US dollars from 1991 to 2012 (see Appendix B).

e. Calculate the average monthly returns and the standard deviations of the US (S&P 500), the Developed ex-US (EAFE), and the Emerging Market (EM) indexes (see Appendix C). Annualize the statistics. Calculate their respective Sharpe Ratios. The average risk-free rate was 3% (annualized) over the same time period.

Answers

Answer:

Identify the graph represent a linear relationship

PLEASE ANSWER THIS QUESTION, 20 POINTS!!

Answers

Answer:

∠1 = 50

∠2 = 50

∠3 = 80

∠4 = 130

∠5 = 130

Step-by-step explanation:

∠1 = 180 - 130 = 50

∠2 = ∠1 = 50

∠3 = 180 - ∠1 - ∠2 = 180 - 50 - 50 = 80

∠4 = 180 - ∠2 = 180 - 50 = 130

∠5 = ∠4 = 130

A binomial probability experiment is conducted with the given parameters compute the probability of X successes in the N independent trials of the experiment an equals 10P equals 0.35 and X equals 3​

Answers

Therefore, the probability of getting exactly 3 successes in 10 independent trials of a binomial probability experiment with probability of success 0.35 is approximately 0.213.

What is Probability?

Probability is a branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement and analysis of random events. It is a way of quantifying the likelihood of an event occurring. Probability can be expressed as a number between 0 and 1, with 0 indicating that an event is impossible and 1 indicating that an event is certain to occur.

The concept of probability is used in a wide range of fields, including statistics, physics, engineering, economics, and finance. It helps us make predictions about the likelihood of future events and make informed decisions based on those predictions.

by the question.

To compute the probability of X successes in N independent trials of a binomial experiment, we use the following formula:

[tex]P(X = x) = (N choose x) * p^x * (1-p)^(N-x)[/tex]

where "N choose x" is the binomial coefficient, given by:

[tex](N choose x) = N! / (x!(N-x)!)[/tex]

In this case, we are given that:

N = 10 (number of independent trials)

p = 0.35 (probability of success in each trial)

X = 3 (number of successes)

Therefore, we can compute the probability of X successes as:

[tex]P(X = 3) = (10 choose 3) * 0.35^3 * (1-0.35)^(10-3)[/tex]

Using a calculator, we can calculate:

[tex](10 choose 3) = 120 / (3! * 7!) = 120 / (6 * 5040) = 0.1666666670.35^3 = 0.042875(1-0.35)^(10-3) = 0.338915[/tex]

Putting it all together:

[tex]P(X = 3) = 0.166666667 * 0.042875 * 0.338915 = 0.00240157[/tex]

Substituting these values into the formula, we get:

[tex]P(X = 3) = (10 choose 3) * 0.35^3 * (1-0.35)^(10-3)[/tex]

[tex]= (10! / (3! * 7!)) * 0.35^3 *0.65^7[/tex]

≈ 0.213

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Solve the following equations graphically (a) .12x - 4y = 12​

Answers

Answer:

12x-4y=12

-4y= -12x+12
___________ [divide everything by -4]

-4

Y=3x+3

Step-by-step explanation:


on the y axis is 3 and the slope is 3

assuming w1, w2, and w3 are 0-1 integer variables, the constraint w1 w2 w3 < 1 is often called a

Answers

The constraint w1 w2 w3 < 1, where w1, w2, and w3 are 0-1 integer variables, is often called a packing constraint. The packing constraint w1 w2 w3 < 1 limits the number of variables that can be set to 1 and is used to control the number of items that can be selected in integer programming problems.

A packing constraint is a type of constraint used in integer programming that limits the number of items that can be selected from a set of items. In this case, the constraint limits the number of variables that can take the value 1 to be less than 1.

The term "packing" comes from the idea of packing items into a container. In the context of integer programming, packing constraints are used to limit the number of items that can be "packed" into a container (i.e., set to 1), while ensuring that the total value of the packed items meets certain requirements or constraints.

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Fai spend $9 on his lunch. This is 30% of the money he had in his wallet. How much money did Fai have in his wallet?

Answers

Answer:

Fai's wallet contained $30.

Step-by-step explanation:

$9 = 30%

x = 100%

If you cross multiply:

x * 30% = $9 * 100%

0.3x = $9

x = $9/0.3

x = $30

(b) There are 40 students in a class. If the number of boys is 10 more than that of girls, find the number of boys and girls.​

Answers

Answer:

Boys are 25

Girls are 15

Step-by-step explanation:

Total class population = 40

Let girls population = g

Then, boys population = (10+g)

Boys + Girls = 40

[tex]{ \sf{(10 + g) + g = 40}} \\ { \sf{2g = 30}} \\ { \sf{g = 15}}[/tex]

Girls = 15

Boys = (10 + g) = (10 + 15) = 25

Solve the triangle PQR(find m < P, m < Q, and the length of side r. See Attached.

Answers

The following are the values for the angles and side of the right triangle using the trigonometric ratio: P = 28.6137, Q = 61.3863, and r = 14.0112

What is trigonometric ratios?

The trigonometric ratios is concerned with the relationship of an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths.

The basic trigonometric ratios includes;

sine, cosine and tangent.

tan P= 6.71/12.3 {opposite/adjacent}

P = tan⁻¹(6.71/12.3)

P = 28.6137

Q = 180 - (90 + 28.6137) {sum of interior angles of a triangle}

Q = 61.3863

sin P = 6.71/r {opposite/hypotenuse}

sin 28.6137 = 6.71/r

r = 6.71/sin 28.6137 {cross multiplication}

r = 14.0112

Therefore, the values for the angles and side of the right triangle using the trigonometric ratio are: P = 28.6137, Q = 61.3863, and r = 14.0112

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Vince is saving for a new mobile phone. The least expensive model Vince likes costs $225.90. Vince has saved $122.35. He used this solution to determine how much more he needs to save.

225.90 less-than-or-equal-to 122.35 + a. 225.90 minus 122.35 less-than-or-equal-to 122.35 minus 122.35 + a. 103.55 less-than-or-equal-to a.

Vince says that based on the solution, he should save a maximum of $103.55.

Is Vince correct?
Vince is correct because he found the correct solution to the inequality.
Vince is correct because he should save at least $103.55.
Vince is not correct because he wrote the wrong inequality to represent the situation.
Vince is not correct because he should have interpreted the solution as having to save a minimum of $103.55.

Answers

In light of the solution, Vince is correct in believing that he should only save up to $103.55.

How to determine with an example?

1. a: to formally decide (something), particularly because of facts or evidence: to establish (something) precisely or with authority. Title of the land has now been determined by the town. The land's legal owner has been established by the town. A particular committee will choose the new policy.

Vince is accurate because he perceived the solution correctly.

The inequality 225.90 ≤ 122.35 + a show that the cost of a phone ($225.90) is lower than or equal to the sum of Vince's saved money ($122.35) plus the remaining amount he needs to save (a).

The inequity can be made simpler by taking 122.35 off of both sides to get 103.55 ≤ a. Hence, Vince now needs to put aside at least $103.55 in order to buy the cheapest phone he loves.

In light of the solution, Vince is correct in believing that he should only save up to $103.55.

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10 POINTS!! ASAP please help me find the area and also the outer perimeter!!!

Answers

Answer:

area of semi circle =pi r^2/2

3.14*6*6/2=56.2

area of rectangle=lb

=20*12=240

240+56.2=296.2

rounding it it will become 300 ft sqr

perimeter of rectangle without including 4th side=20+12+20=52

perimeter of semicircle=pi r+d (d is not needed here)

3.14*6=18.84

so total perimeter=52+18.84=70.84ft

Step-by-step explanation:

Given that x + 1/2 = 5, what is 2*x^2 - 3x + 6 - 3/x +2/x^2

pls help me soon

Answers

Sure, let's solve this step-by-step:

First, we need to solve for x in the equation x + 1/2 = 5.

We can do this by subtracting 1/2 from both sides, giving us x = 4 1/2.

Now, we can substitute x = 4 1/2 into the equation 2*x^2 - 3x + 6 - 3/x +2/x^2.

We can simplify the equation by multiplying both sides by x^2, giving us:

2*x^2 - 3x + 6 - 3/x +2 = 10*x^2 - 3x + 6.

Now, we can combine all of the terms with x:

10*x^2 - 6x + 6 = 0.

Finally, we can solve the equation using the quadratic formula:

x = 3/5 or x = 2.

Therefore, the answer to the equation is 10*(3/5)^2 - 6(3/5) + 6 = 4.8, or 10*2^2 - 6(2) + 6 = 16.

Find the slope of the following graph and enter your result in the empty box.

Answers

Answer:

1

Step-by-step explanation:

slope = rise/run = 1/1 = 1

A calico cat named Lucy has a favorite place to nap. It's a soft Matt located in front of a sunny window the mat is 12 total square feet and 4 ft long what is the width of Lucy's mat

Answers

3ft

Explanation:
Total square feet is length times width
We know the length is 4
So we can divide the total by this
12/4=3 so 3 ft

Let G
be a group. Say what it means for a map φ:G→G
to be an automorphism. Show that the set-theoretic composition φψ=φ∘ψ
of any two automorphisms φ,ψ
is an automorphism. Prove that the set Aut(G)
of all automorphisms of the group G
with the operation of taking the composition is a group.

Answers

a) An automorphism of a group G is a bijective map φ:G→G that preserves the group structure. That is, φ(ab) = φ(a)φ(b) and φ(a⁻¹) = φ(a)⁻¹ for all a, b ∈ G.

b) The set-theoretic composition φψ of any two automorphisms φ, ψ is an automorphism, as it preserves the group structure and is bijective.

c) The set Aut(G) of all automorphisms of G, with the operation of composition of maps, is a group. This is because it satisfies the four group axioms: closure, associativity, identity, and inverses. Therefore, Aut(G) is a group under composition of maps.

An automorphism of a group G is a bijective map φ:G→G that preserves the group structure, meaning that for any elements a,b∈G, we have φ(ab) = φ(a)φ(b) and φ(a⁻¹) = φ(a)⁻¹. In other words, an automorphism is an isomorphism from G to itself.

To show that the set-theoretic composition φψ is an automorphism, we need to show that it satisfies the two conditions for being an automorphism. First, we have

(φψ)(ab) = φ(ψ(ab)) = φ(ψ(a)ψ(b)) = φ(ψ(a))φ(ψ(b)) = (φψ)(a)(φψ)(b)

using the fact that ψ and φ are automorphisms. Similarly,

(φψ)(a⁻¹) = φ(ψ(a⁻¹)) = φ(ψ(a))⁻¹ = (φψ)(a)⁻¹

using the fact that ψ and φ are automorphisms. Therefore, φψ is an automorphism.

To show that Aut(G) is a group, we need to show that it satisfies the four group axioms

Closure: If φ,ψ∈Aut(G), then φψ is also in Aut(G), as shown above.

Associativity: Composition of maps is associative, so (φψ)χ = φ(ψχ) for any automorphisms φ,ψ,χ of G.

Identity: The identity map id:G→G is an automorphism, since it clearly preserves the group structure and is bijective. It serves as the identity element in Aut(G), since φid = idφ = φ for any φ∈Aut(G).

Inverses: For any automorphism φ∈Aut(G), its inverse φ⁻¹ is also an automorphism, since it is bijective and preserves the group structure. Therefore, Aut(G) is closed under inverses.

Since Aut(G) satisfies all four group axioms, it is a group under composition of maps.

Learn more about automorphism here

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