identify which of the following atoms would have the lowest first ionization energy. a) ca b) c c) ge d) p e) cl

The net ionic equation for the given reaction is: 1 Cr3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) → Cr(OH)3(s)

2. The formula for the precipitate formed in this reaction is Cr(OH)3.

3. The sum of all coefficients in the net ionic equation is 4.

Consider the reaction between aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide and chromium (III) chloride. The balanced chemical equation for the given reaction is:KOH(aq) + CrCl3(aq) → KCl(aq) + Cr(OH)3(s)1) Spectator ionsThe ions that do not take part in the reaction are known as spectator ions.

These ions are present on both sides of the equation without undergoing any chemical changes.The ionic equation for the given reaction is:3K+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) + Cr3+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq) → 3K+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq) + Cr(OH)3(s)The spectator ions are K+ and Cl-.2)

PrecipitateThe precipitate is formed when the two reactants are combined together, and it can be identified from the ionic equation. In this reaction, the precipitate is formed when KOH is added to the aqueous solution of chromium(III) chloride.The formula for the precipitate formed in this reaction is Cr(OH)3.3) Sum of all coefficientsThe net ionic equation represents the actual chemical change occurring in the reaction.

The spectator ions are removed, and only the ions that participate in the reaction are shown. The net ionic equation for the given reaction is:Cr3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) → Cr(OH)3(s)The sum of all coefficients in the net ionic equation is 4.

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The number of atoms of each element found in the formula 3He₂O₄PH are: 6 Helium atoms, 4 Oxygen atoms, 1 Phosphorus atom, and 1 Hydrogen atom.

The formula 3He₂O₄PH represents a molecule containing the elements Helium (He), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P) and Hydrogen (H).

The subscripts in the formula indicate the number of atoms of each element present in one molecule of the compound.

Therefore, the number of atoms of each element in 3He₂O₄PH is:

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Because the marked atom has a single electron pair, one sp bonded link, and one created by overlapping p orbitals, it is sp bridged. Nitrogen has therefore undergone sp fusion.

The hybridized of the atom labelled no.1 is sp3. Since there are two lone pairings of electrons, two bonds, and four groups surrounding this atom, their hybridization is sp3. Just under 109.5 degrees make up the bond angle.

The nitrogen has 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals since it is sp3 hybridised. To create the two N-H sigma bonds, two of the sp3 hybridised orbitals overlap with hydrogen s orbitals.

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A) All these statements are false. Option E is correct.
B) 0.22 M NaCN must be added to a 0.5 M HCN solution to produce a buffer solution with a pH of 7.0. The Ka for HCN is 6.2 x 10–10. So the correct option is E.

A) a. The pH at the equivalence point is greater for HC2H3O2 than for HCl - FALSE. The pH at the equivalence point is the same for both weak and strong acids when titrated with a strong base such as NaOH.
b. HCl is a strong acid and requires more moles NaOH to reach the equivalence point - FALSE. Both HCl and HC2H3O2 require the same amount of moles of NaOH to reach the equivalence point.
c. The pH at the half equivalence point is the same for both solutions - FALSE. The pH of the half equivalence point is different for HCl and HC2H3O2. For HCl, the pH of the half equivalence point is 7, whereas for HC2H3O2, the pH of the half equivalence point is greater than 7.
d) The initial pH is the same for both solutions - FALSE. The initial pH of the two solutions are different due to the different properties of the two acids.
e) All these statements are false - TRUE. All of the statements above are false. Option E is correct.
B) To answer the second part of the question, 0.22 M NaCN must be added to a 0.5 M HCN solution to produce a buffer solution with a pH of 7.0. The Ka for HCN is 6.2 x 10–10. In order to calculate the amount of NaCN required, use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa + log [NaCN]/[HCN]
Rearranging and solving for [NaCN]:
[NaCN] = 10^(7-6.2) x 0.5 = 0.22 M

So the correct option is E.

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Answer:

1.  placing balls

2. list of materials

Explanation:

a balanced equation for the redox reaction: 2 Ca(s) + O2(g) → 2 CaO(s)

A redox reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between species. One species undergoes oxidation (loses electrons) while another species undergoes reduction (gains electrons).

In the reaction between calcium metal and oxygen gas, the calcium metal is being oxidized (loses electrons) and the oxygen gas is being reduced (gains electrons). This can be seen in the balanced equation where the calcium atoms go from having an oxidation state of 0 to +2, while the oxygen atoms go from having an oxidation state of 0 to -2.

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Taking into account the definition of Avogadro's Number, 7.2276×10²¹ moles of sugar are in 4 g of sugar.

Avogadro's number is the number of elementary entities (ie atoms, electrons, ions, molecules) that exist in one mole of any substance.

Its value is 6.023×10²³ particles per mole. Avogadro's number applies to any substance.

The molar mass of substance is a property defined as its mass per unit quantity of substance, in other words, it is the amount of mass that a substance contains in one mole.

First, the molar mass of sugar is 342 g/mole and the following rule of three can be applied: If by definition of molar mass 342 g of sugar are contained in 1 mole, 4 g of sugar are contained in how many moles of the compound?

moles of sugar= (4 g of sugar× 1 mole)÷342 g of sugar

moles of sugar= 0.012 moles

Now you can apply the following rule of three: 1 mole of the compound contains 6.023×10²³ molecules, 0.012 mole of the compound contains how many molecules?

amount of molecules= (6.023×10²³ molecules × 0.012 mole)÷ 1 mole

amount of molecules= 7.2276×10²¹ moles

Finally, 7.2276×10²¹ moles of sugar are present.

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Burning your mouth on a hot spoon(option D) is an example of heat transfer through conduction, as the spoon is in direct contact with your mouth.

Conduction is the transfer of heat or electrical energy between two objects that are in direct contact with each other, or between two parts of the same object that are at different temperatures.

In conduction, the energy transfer occurs due to the collision of molecules in the objects or materials. When two objects are in contact, the molecules of the warmer object vibrate more rapidly, colliding with the molecules of the cooler object, which have less energy.

These collisions transfer thermal energy from the warmer object to the cooler object, until both objects reach the same temperature.

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The concentration of the potassium permanganate solution is 72 mol/L. The answer has three significant figures because the volume of the flask has only one significant figure.

The concentration of the potassium permanganate solution can be calculated using the formula:

concentration = moles of solute / volume of solution

where the volume of solution is in liters.

First, we need to convert the volume of the flask from milliliters to liters:

500 mL = 0.500 L

Next, we can calculate the concentration of the solution:

concentration = 36. mol / 0.500 L

concentration = 72 mol/L

The concentration of the potassium permanganate solution is 72 mol/L. The answer has three significant figures because the volume of the flask has only one significant figure.

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The molecule that is drawn in a conformation that has a proton and a leaving group anti-periplanar is H₂C, Br.

The A, B, C, and D bond angles of a molecule are referred to as anti-periplanar, or antiperiplanar, in organic chemistry. The dihedral angles of the A–B and C–D bonds in this conformer are larger than +150° or less than 150°. In textbooks, the term "anti-periplanar" is frequently used to refer to a strictly anti-coplanar structure with a 180° AB CD dihedral angle. The anti-periplanar functional groups will be 180° apart from one another and in a staggered configuration in a Newman projection of the molecule.  

Conformation is an essential factor in predicting reactivity in organic molecules. The anti-periplanar conformation of a molecule is one that occurs when two atoms in a molecule are in the same plane and are separated by 180 degrees. In this case, the proton and leaving group are placed in a perpendicular plane to the atoms directly in between them. This is the most stable conformer of the molecule. A significant factor in predicting reactivity in organic molecules is conformation. In this case, the molecule H₂C, Br is drawn in a conformation that has a proton and a leaving group anti-periplanar.

Therefore, the correct option is H₂C, Br.

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A) To solve this problem, we can use the formula for the ionization constant of water:

Kw = [H3O+][OH-]

At 50 oC, Kw = 5.476 x 10-14. We can assume that [H3O+] and [OH-] are equal since we are dealing with pure water.

Therefore,

[H3O+] = [OH-] = sqrt(Kw) = sqrt(5.476 x 10-14) = 7.40 x 10-8 mol/L

pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(7.40 x 10-8) = 7.13

pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(7.40 x 10-8) = 7.13

To find the values for pure water at 60oC, we can use the new value of Kw at that temperature:

Kw = 9.550 x 10-14

[H3O+] = [OH-] = sqrt(Kw) = sqrt(9.550 x 10-14) = 3.09 x 10-7 mol/L

pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(3.09 x 10-7) = 6.51

pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(3.09 x 10-7) = 6.51

b) i) No, it does not mean that pure water becomes more acidic as the temperature rises.

ii) The correct answer is 2. As the temperature increases, the ionization of water increases and more H3O+ and OH- ions are formed. However, since the concentration of H2O is also decreasing due to the increase in temperature, the increase in ionization does not result in an increase in [H3O+] and pH actually decreases.

The interaction between Arrhenius acid and base, which produces salt and water as a byproduct, is referred to as a neutralisation reaction. Strong acids include substances like HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, etc.

The term "Arrhenius acid" refers to a material that contains a hydrogen atom that readily releases a hydrogen ion and proton when it is in contact with water. For instance, when hydrochloric acid dissolves in water, it produces the ions hydronium (H3O+) and chloride (Cl-).

The hydrogen ion (H+) is one of the electrically charged molecules or atoms that are produced when an acid dissociates in water, according to the Arrhenius theory, which was first proposed by Swedish scientist Svante Berzelius in 1887. On the other hand, bases ionise in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH).

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The addition of 0.20 M NaOH to 0.20 M CH3CH2COOH can result in the formation of a buffer solution because NaOH is a strong base, and CH3CH2COOH is a weak acid. When these two react, they will produce a salt and water, and the salt will act as the buffer that helps keep the pH of the solution relatively constant.

The addition of 0.20 M NaOH to 0.20 M CH3CH2COOH results in the formation of a buffer solution because NaOH is a strong base, and CH3CH2COOH is a weak acid. When a strong base is mixed with a weak acid, a buffer solution is formed. A buffer solution is able to resist changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or base is added.

When NaOH is added to CH3CH2COOH, the weak acid (CH3CH2COOH) will react with the strong base (NaOH) to produce salt (CH3CH2COONa) and water (H2O). The CH3CH2COONa salt will then dissociate into CH3CH2COO- and Na+ ions, which will act as the buffer. The CH3CH2COO- ions will then accept H+ ions from an acid and donate H+ ions to a base. This helps to keep the pH of the solution relatively constant.

The Ka of the CH3CH2COOH is 1.8x10^-5 and its pKa is 4.75. This means that the buffer will work best when the pH is close to 4.75. The amount of NaOH added to the CH3CH2COOH will determine the pH of the buffer solution. If the amount of NaOH is too high, the pH will be above the pKa and the buffer will not work as efficiently.

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The pH of the methylamine solution is 10.11. It is calculated using the expression for pH of the solution.

Methylamine is classified as an example of weak base with K=3.7×10−4. These base partially ionizes in aqueous medium producing hydroxide ion and its conjugate acid, methylammonium that is a weak acid. some of the examples of weak base includes ammonia and dimethylamine.

pH is defined as the acidity denoting "potential of hydrogen" is a scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. According to the pH scale acidic solutions are measured to have lower pH values than basic or alkaline solutions. The pH of the solution containing methylamine and methylammonium chloride is given in the terms of,

pH = pKa + log[CH3NH2] / [CH3NH+3]

     =−log1.0×10−14 / 3.7×10−4 + log 0.22M / 0.63M

     =10.11

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The 4p-orbital can hold a maximum of 6 electrons, the 3d-orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons, the 1s-orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, and the 4f-orbital can hold a maximum of 14 electrons.

The set of quantum numbers {n, I, ml, m} is incorrect because I is not a quantum number; instead, it should be l, which stands for the angular momentum quantum number. This set of quantum numbers must satisfy the following conditions: n ≥ l ≥ m_l ≥ |m_s|. For an electron in an atom, any combination of quantum numbers where n < l is forbidden, because n must be greater than or equal to l. Additionally, any combination of quantum numbers where |m_l| > l is forbidden because m_l must be less than or equal to l.
Real orbitals have the following combinations of n and l: n = 1 and l = 0 (1s), n = 2 and l = 0, 1 (2s, 2p), n = 3 and l = 0, 1, 2 (3s, 3p, 3d), n = 4 and l = 0, 1, 2, 3 (4s, 4p, 4d, 4f).
The principal quantum number and the orbital angular momentum quantum number for the 4p-orbital is n = 4 and l = 1; for the 3d-orbital is n = 3 and l = 2; for the 1s-orbital is n = 1 and l = 0; for the 4f-orbital is n = 4 and l = 3.
The 4p-orbital can hold a maximum of 6 electrons, the 3d-orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons, the 1s-orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, and the 4f-orbital can hold a maximum of 14 electrons.

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Explanation:

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Answer:

The volume of the gas at standard temperature and pressure is 378 mL.

Step-by-step Explanation:

To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas:

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

where P1, V1, and T1 are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively, and P2, V2, and T2 are the final pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively.

We know that the gas has an initial pressure of 100 mmHg and an initial volume of 480 mL at a temperature of 40°C. We want to find the final volume of the gas at standard temperature and pressure, which is defined as 0°C and 1 atm (or 760 mmHg) of pressure.

First, we need to convert the initial temperature from Celsius to Kelvin by adding 273.15:

T1 = 40°C + 273.15 = 313.15 K

Next, we can plug in the values into the combined gas law equation:

(100 mmHg)(480 mL)/(313.15 K) = (760 mmHg)(V2)/(273.15 K)

We can solve for V2 by cross-multiplying and simplifying:

V2 = (100 mmHg)(480 mL)(273.15 K)/(313.15 K)(760 mmHg)

= 378 mL

Therefore, the volume of the gas at standard temperature and pressure is 378 mL.

This will have no effect on the molarity of the NaOH solution, as the amount of NaOH will remain the same.

The calculated molarity of NaOH solution would be affected (too high, too low, or no change) in the following ways

:If the burette is not rinsed with the solution before it is filled, the calculated molarity of NaOH solution will be too low. This is because impurities present in the burette could dilute the solution, resulting in an incorrect molarity measurement.If you go past the endpoint in the titration, the calculated molarity of NaOH solution will be too high. This is because the added base has exceeded the amount required to neutralize the acid.

As a result, the molarity of the NaOH solution will appear higher than it is in reality. If some of the acid solution splashes out of the flask during the titration, the calculated molarity of NaOH solution will be too high. This is because the acid solution lost its concentration, resulting in the molarity being higher than it should be.

Using water to rinse the inner sides of the flask will not affect the calculated molarity of NaOH solution. This is because water is neutral and does not have the ability to react with the solution, which means that the molarity of the NaOH solution will remain unchanged.

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Explanation:

The reactant contains 2N and 6H

The product contains 2N and 6H

Therefore, the chemical equation is balanced

From the equation, for every 1 mole of N2 that reacts, 3 moles of H2 are required.

We know 28.6 grams of N2 reacted, but we don’t know the mass ratio but just the mole ratio, so we have to convert 28.6 grams of N2 to the corresponding moles of N2.

From the periodic table, the molar mass of N is about 14 g/mol, so the molar mass of nitrogen gas or N2 is two times of that which is 28 g/mol.

With this, we can calculate moles of N2, but we also need to make sure the equation is setted up the right way.

Looking at the units, if we cancel out the grams, we are left with mol. We also know that in multiplication, numerator of one number cancel with the denominator of another number and vice versa

So the equation looks like this 28.6g * mol/28g = 1.021 mol N2

So the number of moles of H2 required is 1.021 mol N2 * 3 mol H2/1 mol N2 = 3.063 mol H2 (notice that mol N2 canceled out, so the equation is set up correctly)

However, the question ask for number of grams of H2 needed, so we need the molar mass of hydrogen gas or H2, which is 1*2 = 2 g/mol

3.063 mol H2 * 2 g H2/ mol H2 = 6.126 g H2

Ans: 6.126 g H2

No, the inverse of the matrix represented as M=[-1 -4] does not exist.

An inverse matrix is a square matrix that, when multiplied by its original matrix, yields the identity matrix. It allows for solving linear equations involving the original matrix.

To determine if a matrix has an inverse, we can compute its determinant. If the determinant is nonzero, then the matrix has an inverse; if the determinant is zero, then the matrix does not have an inverse.

The given matrix M is a 1x2 matrix, so it's not square and it doesn't have an inverse.

Therefore, we can't find the inverse of matrix M.

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Answer:

when the solution of potassium hydroxide and zinc chloride are mixed,the double-displacement reaction occur ,resulting in precipitation and the reaction forms potassium chloride and zinc hydroxide .

Explanation:

From the balanced equation you can see that for every TWO moles of S , THREE moles of O2 are needed

 so if you have four moles of S you will need SIX moles of O2 ....meaning

you will have  ( 9.5 - 6 ) = 3.5 moles of O2 left over

The formula for Co3+ is Co3+ because it represents the ion of cobalt that has lost three electrons, leaving it with a 3+ charge.

What is chemical formula and how they are formed ?

A chemical formula is a symbolic representation of a chemical compound that shows the types of elements present in the compound and the relative number of atoms of each element. For example, the chemical formula for water is H2O, which indicates that it is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Chemical formulas are formed by identifying the elements that make up a compound and determining the relative number of each element in the compound. The number of each element is represented by a subscript following the chemical symbol of the element. For example, the chemical formula for methane is CH4, which indicates that there is one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms in each molecule of methane.

The formula for Se2- is Se2- because it represents the ion of selenium that has gained two electrons, giving it a 2- charge.

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0.00496 is the correct option for the equilibrium constant that strongly favors the reactants, according to the given problem.

Kc is the equilibrium constant for a reversible reaction. It is used to describe the equilibrium state of a chemical reaction. It is a constant value that indicates how much of a product will be produced at equilibrium for a given set of reactants. If Kc is larger than 1, the equilibrium will favor products. If Kc is less than 1, the equilibrium will favor reactants. So, the value for Kc that indicates an equilibrium that strongly favors reactants is 0.00496. When Kc is less than 1, the reaction equilibrium will be in favor of the reactants. If Kc is very small, it indicates that very little product is formed at equilibrium, implying that most of the reactants remain in equilibrium. A reaction that has a value of Kc less than 1 means that the forward reaction is less favored than the reverse reaction, indicating that the products will be less in quantity compared to the reactants. As a result, the equilibrium strongly favors the reactants.

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The empirical formula of a molecule containing 65.5% carbon, 5.5% hydrogen, and 29% oxygen is CH2O.

To calculate this, you need to first convert the percentage composition into mass composition. This is done by multiplying the percentages by the molecular weight of each element.

Carbon: 65.5% x 12 g/mol = 0.786 g/mol
Hydrogen: 5.5% x 1 g/mol = 0.055 g/mol
Oxygen: 29% x 16 g/mol = 0.464 g/mol
Now that you have the mass composition, you can calculate the moles of each element by dividing the mass of each element by its molar mass.
Carbon: 0.786 g/mol / 12 g/mol = 0.065 mol
Hydrogen: 0.055 g/mol / 1 g/mol = 0.055 mol
Oxygen: 0.464 g/mol / 16 g/mol = 0.029 mol
Finally, divide each element's moles by the smallest moles to get the empirical formula.

Carbon: 0.065 mol / 0.029 mol = 2.24 = 2 mol
Hydrogen: 0.055 mol / 0.029 mol = 1.90 = 1 mol
Oxygen: 0.029 mol / 0.029 mol = 1.00 = 1 mol
Therefore, the empirical formula of the molecule is CH2O.

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Indium has higher electronegativity  as compare to Indium, because boron has smaller atomic size.

What is Electronegativity?

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons towards itself when it is chemically combined with another atom. It is a relative scale that ranges from 0.7 to 4.0, with fluorine having the highest electronegativity value of 4.0. The electronegativity of an atom depends on several factors, including the number of protons in its nucleus, its distance from the nucleus, and the shielding effect of inner electrons. The electronegativity value of an element is useful in predicting the polarity of bonds formed between atoms and the distribution of electrons within a molecule.

Boron and Indium are both metallic elements in the same period of the periodic table. However, boron has a smaller atomic size and higher effective nuclear charge than indium. This makes boron a more electronegative element than indium, as the electrons in boron's valence shell are more strongly attracted towards its nucleus than in indium. Therefore, boron has a greater electronegativity than indium.

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Answer: two solid electrodes (must be two different metals in solution)

(S)-2-butanol will undergo an SN2 reaction with HBr to produce a racemic mixture of alkyl bromides. Here option B is the correct answer.

When optically active alcohol is treated with HBr, the reaction follows an SN1 or SN2 mechanism. In the case of SN1, a carbocation intermediate is formed, and in SN2, a backside attack by the nucleophile occurs. The stereochemistry of the product depends on the configuration of the intermediate and the direction of attack.

In the case of (S)-2-butanol, the hydroxyl group is attached to the second carbon atom, which makes it a primary alcohol. When treated with HBr, it undergoes an SN2 reaction, where the hydroxyl group is replaced by the bromine atom. The nucleophile attacks from the backside of the molecule, leading to an inversion of configuration.

This results in the formation of a racemic mixture of alkyl bromides, as both enantiomers have an equal chance of being attacked from either side. On the other hand, (R)-2-butanol, being the enantiomer of (S)-2-butanol, will also undergo the same reaction and produce the same racemic mixture of alkyl bromides.

In the case of (R)-1-phenyl ethanol and (S)-1-phenyl ethanol, they are secondary alcohols and can undergo either SN1 or SN2 reactions depending on the reaction conditions. However, the reaction mechanism will lead to the formation of a mixture of diastereomers, rather than a racemic mixture of enantiomers.

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Complete question:

Which of the following optically active alcohols, when treated with HBr, results in a racemic mixture of alkyl bromides?

a) (R)-2-butanol

b) (S)-2-butanol

c) (R)-1-phenyl ethanol

d) (S)-1-phenyl ethanol

Assuming that the glass is made entirely of silicon dioxide (SiO2), which is a common component of glass, we can calculate the number of silicon atoms based on the molecular weight of SiO2 and the weight of the glass.

The molecular weight of SiO2 is approximately 60 g/mol. Therefore, 6.240 g of SiO2 corresponds to:

6.240 g SiO2 × (1 mol SiO2/60 g SiO2) = 0.104 mol SiO2

Since each molecule of SiO2 contains one silicon atom, the number of silicon atoms in the piece of glass can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles of SiO2 by Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10^23 atoms/mol):

0.104 mol SiO2 × (6.022 × 10^23 atoms/mol) = 6.26 × 10^22 silicon atoms

Therefore, there are approximately 6.26 × 10^22 silicon atoms in a piece of glass weighing 6.240 g, assuming the glass is made entirely of SiO2.

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To write the net ionic equation for this reaction, we need to first write the balanced molecular equation, and then break down all the soluble ionic compounds into their constituent ions:

Molecular equation:

SnBr2(aq) + K2S(aq) → SnS(s) + 2KBr(aq)

Complete ionic equation:

Sn2+(aq) + 2Br-(aq) + 2K+(aq) + S2-(aq) → SnS(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2Br-(aq)

Net ionic equation:

Sn2+(aq) + S2-(aq) → SnS(s)

The net ionic equation shows only the species that are involved in the actual reaction, which in this case are the tin cation (Sn2+) and the sulfide anion (S2-), which combine to form solid tin sulfide (SnS). The potassium cation (K+) and bromide anion (Br-) ions are spectator ions that do not participate in the reaction and are omitted from the net ionic equation.

Ionic refers to a type of chemical bond that occurs when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions.

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Answer:

radiation is the answer