In this lab, you will explore the microscopic process of bulding proteins from RNA. Instead of working with variables, you will focus on the steps of that process.

Answer:

I will leave your question unanswered. Thanks.

Answer: Hypothalamic GnRH stimulates the gonadotroph to synthesize and release both FSH and LH which stimulate the gonads to produce sex steroid hormones and regulate germ cell function.

Boston is colder than Miami.

Therefore, more water is lost in the form of sweat in summer than in winter. In the summer, your body becomes dehydrated, releasing more ADH in your body.

ADH Syndrome of antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin is synthesized by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland to maintain blood osmolality. It increases the reabsorption of water from the kidney nephrons.

Therefore, in a cold environment like Boston, ADH will be low and will increase significantly in Miami.

Several chemicals change ADH levels.

Drugs that raise ADH levels include vasotrict and vasopressin.

Drugs that lower ADH includes alcohol.

Therefore, some chemicals can affect ADH levels in the blood.

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Heterozygous for both traits genotype = BbFf

Homozygous for both traits genotype = bfbf

The term "identical genes received during the zygote period of development" is homozygous. The parents of a person with homozygous features gave them one copy of each allele. Both dominant and recessive alleles are possible.

Children with heterozygous traits inherit a dominant gene from one parent and a recessive allele from the other parent.

Let the alleles for beak color be:

Dominant allele = B

Recessive allele = b

Let the alleles for feather color be:

Dominant allele = F

Recessive allele = f

Therefore,

Parent 1 with heterozygous traits will have genotype = BbFf

(because it is heterozygous for both the traits)

Parent 2 with homozygous traits will have genotype = bfbf

(because it is homozygous for recessive traits)

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The correct option is (c) LDL consists of cholesterol and protein.

One of the five main categories of lipoproteins, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), transports cholesterol throughout the body to the areas where it is required for cell repair and deposits it inside the artery walls. They need to be bound to proteins in order to pass through the hydrophilic blood.

The hydrophobic core of the LDL particle is made up of fatty acid esters of cholesterol, while the outer membrane is made up of unesterified cholesterol. The membrane contains a single copy of the hydrophobic apo-B protein, which facilitates the binding of LDL particles to particular cell-surface receptors.

Hence,  LDL consists of cholesterol and protein.

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The smooth, but steady, increase in muscular tension produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called a recruitment.

Muscle tension is the force produced when a muscle contracts (or when sarcomeres shorten). The two primary forms of skeletal muscle contractions, isotonic contractions and isometric contractions, are produced when a muscle contracts against a load that is not moving.

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Answer:

absorption

Explanation:

Answer:

1515 millions of km

Explanation:

Neptune is in between Uranus and Pluto, so if you find out what the distance is in between Uranus and Pluto from the sun, it's a decent approximation. 5900-2870 = 3030. 3030/2 = 1515

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The estauries are characterized by mix of fresh water and salt water. That is option A

Estauries is defined as the part of water where many rivers meet and sweep into the ocean.

The characteristics of estauries include the following;

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Which feature is characteristics of estauries:

A mix of fresh water and salt water.

swap-like land.

region of land that drains into a body of water.

the gradient of salinity in a semi-enclosed coastal system.

The alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/L is 108,23

Alkalinity is the total measure of substances present in water, capable of neutralizing acids. In other words, it is the amount of substances present in the water that act as a buffer.

With that being said;

Equivalent weight = {molar mass}*{ion charge/oxidation number}

Alkalinity due to CO3 = {32x50}{30} = 53.33mg/L

Alkalinity due to HCO3- = {56x50}{61} = 54,90mg/L

Total Alkalinity = 53,33 + 54,90 = 108,23 mg/L

In this case, we have to The alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/L is 108,23 mg/L

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Answer:

Thymine is the answer

Explanation:

The nucleotides of DNA consist of Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine

The nucleotides of RNA consist of Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine and Guanine

A major problem to understand and correct the problems with the San Joaquin Valley lack of tools and scientific data on valley fever.

The small town of Avenal, in the San Joaquin Valley, is most affected by an incurable disease known as 'valley fever'. Cases of an incurable disease called "valley fever", are multiplying at an alarming and surprising rate in the southwestern United States.

With this information, we can conclude that San Joaquin Valley, is best known for an incurable disease known as 'valley fever', where there is no scientific data that can explain.

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Answer:

The epidermis, which serves as the body's primary defense against water and infection, and the dermis, which effectively links the epidermis to the rest of the body, are the two major layers that make up the skin.

The stratum germinativum, the bottommost layer, produces layers of cells that make up the epidermis. Cell division is in its active phase at this point. The cells gradually go up into the various levels, where they make associations with neighboring cells based on whatever layer they are in. The skin's waterproofing and ability to withstand infection by pathogens are both a result of the migration and bonding of keratin proteins and lipids.

The stratum is the highest layer that the cells reach.

To start with, your immune system has several kinds of cells as well as other stuff like proteins floating around. There are two major types of immunity: innate and adaptive and they work together to help you identify and fight infection. Of the different types of white blood cells we have, there are a specific subgroup called lymphocytes that are involved specifically in adaptive immunity.

So the first step in innate immunity is physical barriers. Your skin and your intestines (which are technically 'outside' of your body - think of us as an elongated donut where our guts are the hole of the donut) are examples of such barriers. We're all good with having lots of bacteria on the outside (meaning on our skin and in our digestive tract). Problems happen when the outside stuff gets inside.

So then the next question is how to identify something foreign coming in. Turns out that structurally most living cells (and viruses) have proteins on their outsides. Some of these are receptors, others are structural, and yet others are covered in sugars etc. The thing is, these proteins and sugars are different between different things. So bacteria will have chemicals on them that are different than any chemical we have in our own body. When lymphocytes are growing up in the thymus, they are basically exposed to our normal proteins, sugars, and other molecules so they know to ignore them. If this process doesn't happen properly you can run into problems with things like autoimmune diseases.

Now you mentioned antibodies. Antibodies are actually made in a very fascinating way. Antibodies are essentially proteins with a certain part that can hook onto other molecules that fit the correct shape. Think of the analogy of a bunch of different shapes floating around and having the antibodies have holes for specific shapes, so they can only really attach to that specific shape (or antigen). But you ask, how do they know what shapes to try to attach to or recognize? Well, proteins are coded for by DNA and what happens in B-cells, the makers of antibodies is that there's tons of genetic recombination. We basically scramble DNA in different B-cells to be able to make up completely new and novel protein types that can then attach to other things that we have never been exposed to before.

So innately, we have the ability to recognize almost anything that's small enough and has some kind of outside texture or shapes to hook on to. Each B-cell makes a specific antibody to one shape and we specifically kill the cells that recognize shapes that are present in our own body. Furthermore, those peripheral cells that recognized general features common to many pathogens such as weird sugars or capsules swallow and chew up the things they encounter and present the little bits to immune cells like B-cells to see if they match the right shape for the type of cell. If they do, that cell now starts dividing and making tons of that type of antibody so that you get a good antibody response.

And finally, to remember that you've been exposed to a certain antigen, you have T-cells which basically serve to coordinate this whole process with hormones such as interleukins. When they see something they recognize, they also divide, but the cool thing about T-cells is that they basically live your entire life. Once they've seen something, those T-cells stick around pretty much forever, which is why things like vaccines work.

There are also other parts of our innate immune system, including compounds and proteins in our blood called the complement system. It can be a completely non-cellular method of killing bacteria based purely on antibodies and other proteins.

Answer:

The four main types of tissue are :

A. Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve.

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The peripheral nervous system receives information from the environment and relays commands from the central nervous system to organs and glands.

The nerves that emerge from the brain and spinal cord make up the peripheral nervous system. The CNS and the body components are connected through a network of nerves. The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are additional divisions of the peripheral nervous system.

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are two subsystems of the peripheral nervous system. With the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) and the retina, the cranial nerves make up the PNS in the somatic nervous system. The second cranial nerve is a tract of the diencephalon and not a real peripheral nerve.  The CNS is where the cranial nerve ganglia were born. The PNS, however, is thought to include the ten remaining cranial nerve axons because they travel outside of the brain.  Smooth muscle and glands are subject to involuntary control by the autonomic nervous system.  The sympathetic and parasympathetic states of the system are made possible by the relationship between the central nervous system and the organs.

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Axons that release acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers.

In the brain, each neuron has a single, lengthy cable that extends from the cell's core. An axon is a cable that is much thinner than a human hair and is where a neuron's electrical impulses leave the cell to be picked up by neighboring neurons.

Acetylcholine is released when an action potential is conveyed to the axon terminal, where depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open and enable an influx of calcium, which then permits the release of acetylcholine-containing vesicles into the synaptic cleft.

The neurotransmitter in preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons is acetylcholine (ACh). Thus, axons that release acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers.

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Answer:

an Elliptical galaxies

Answer:

In a plant, when the rate of respiration is less than the rate of photosynthesis, the volume of carbon dioxide that is released It increases.

At points where the rate of photosynthesis exceeds the rate of the cell battery, the cell is releasing more O2 than it is consuming. There is also a point where the rate of photosynthesis and the rate of cellular respiration equal each other, called the photic compensation point.

Therefore, oxygen released by photosynthesis is consumed in cellular respiration, and CO2 released in cellular respiration is consumed in photosynthesis. Therefore, gas exchange between the plant and the environment is null.

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The publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.

Cytokines are molecules of the immune system that act during different types of immune responses, especially in inflammatory pathways.

Cytokines are mainly secreted by helper T immune cells (T cells) and macrophages.

In this case, the publication above mentioned uses different cytokine biomarkers to test inflammatory responses after orthodontic treatment (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, etc).

In conclusion, the publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.

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Answer:

the answer is:causing disease

Phagocytic cells are an important part of the innate immune system because of their ability to engulf many different pathogens. So the correct answer is b. engulf many different pathogens.

The detection of a microbial invasion is typically swiftly followed by its engulfment by a phagocytic cell in all animals, including invertebrates and vertebrates. In the tissues across the body of vertebrates, macrophages are particularly prevalent in the lungs and stomach, two places where infections are most prone. Additionally, the liver, spleen, and connective tissues contain significant amounts. These long-lasting cells are among the first to come into contact with invasive pathogens and patrol the body's tissues.

Neutrophils, the second-largest family of phagocytic cells in vertebrates, are short-lived cells prevalent in blood but absent from healthy, normal tissues.

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Answer:

D. False it should read "if a point reputation occurs in a proto-oncogene it can form an oncogenetgis can inhibit cell division leading to the formation of a tumor

Yeast will metabolize honey easiest because it consists of the monosaccharides, glucose and fructose.

Carbohydrates are the energy-giving foods consumed by man which consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

From the given carbohydrates, Yeast will metabolize honey easiest because it consists of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.

Table sugar is a sucrose, a disaccharide, while flour is mainly starch, a polysaccharide.

In conclusion, metabolism of monosaccharides is easiest.

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Answer:

Various applications

Explanation:

Human gene therapy, pharmaceuticals, forensic evidence, environmental cleaning, and agriculture are just a few fields where recombinant DNA technology is used.

Answer:

A.) hormones

Explanation:

Neurons are to the nervous system as hormones are to the endocrine system.

The endocrine system regulates all of our bodily processes via the feedback of hormones.

Such lethal allele combinations appear to alter Mendelian ratios because homozygotes for the lethal allele do not appear as a progeny class.

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