State legislatures define offenses and set punishments for their states and authorize local governing bodies to enact ordinances defining minor offenses and setting penalties.
An ordinance is a local law, passed by a city, county, or other local government body.
Ordinances usually address minor issues such as noise control, zoning, street parking, and other issues of local concern. These ordinances define offenses and set punishments that are usually less severe than those set by state legislatures.
Furthermore, local governing bodies may also be authorized to pass ordinances that can be enforced within their jurisdiction. This allows them to define minor offenses and set penalties, allowing them to maintain order within their local area.
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TRUE/FALSE. To overcome problems in the equal allocation of resources, many smaller departments have adopted alternate scheduling.
The given statement "To overcome problems in the equal allocation of resources, many smaller departments have adopted alternate scheduling." is false because it increases employee happiness, decreases childcare costs, increases productivity, and a more positive work environment.
Compressed work schedules and flexible work schedules are referred to collectively as alternative work schedules (AWS). A compressed work schedule is one in which an employee can finish the biweekly work requirement in fewer than 10 working days and has a fixed work schedule (no flexible time bands).
An alternative workweek is defined by current California labor law as a week with shifts that total no more than 10 hours each day during a 40-hour workweek, without the payment of an overtime premium.
Increased productivity, lower childcare costs, happier workers, and a more supportive workplace are all advantages of an alternative work schedule. On the other hand, disadvantages include less effective communication, less teamwork, and occasionally less family time.
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fill in the blank. Aggregate planning is the capacity planning for the ____ range
Aggregate planning is the capacity planning for the intermediate range, typically spanning 3 to 18 months. It aims to balance demand and resources for optimal efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
In the context of law, demand refers to a formal request made by one party to another for some sort of relief or action. This can take many forms, such as a demand letter or a demand for payment. In many legal situations, demand is a prerequisite for initiating legal action or filing a lawsuit. For example, in a breach of contract case, the plaintiff may need to first make a demand for payment before filing a lawsuit to recover damages. Similarly, in a personal injury case, the injured party may need to demand compensation from the at-fault party or their insurance company before taking legal action. Demands may also be made in the context of negotiations or settlements, where one party makes a demand for certain terms or concessions in exchange for settling a dispute or avoiding litigation.
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the americans with disabilities act (ada) includes a specifically defined list of disabilities cover by the law.
No, the Americans with disabilities act (ada) includes a specifically defined list of disabilities cover by the law.
A civil rights law known as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed in 1990 with the goal of defending people with disabilities from prejudice. Employees who believe they have been the victim of discrimination may file claims against their employers under Title I of the ADA.
The purpose of the law is to safeguard people from discrimination, provide them with equal access to public goods and services, and allow society to profit from the abilities and skills of people with disabilities.
The principles of the Americans with Disabilities Act, such as equal legal protection, personal agency, associational freedom, and economic opportunity.
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Which of the following are true when forming priority intelligence requirements (select all that apply)?
All the answers
1. PIR are any subject for which there is a need to collect information or produce intelligence.
2. Staff must be aware of intelligence requirements of higher, adjacent, subordinate and supporting elements.
3. The JFC's PIRs should prioritize the most urgent intelligence requirements.
All the three points are true when forming priority intelligence requirements.
PIRs are those intelligence needs for which a commander has a predetermined and stated priority when it comes to planning and making decisions. The commander must give his or her approval, and they are the highest priority intelligence needs. The four guiding principles of systemic intelligence are Purpose, Connection and Inclusion, Order, and Exchange.
Thermal sensing applications, like security and motion detection, use PIR sensors. They are frequently employed in applications for automatic lighting, motion detection alarms, and security alarms. PIR sensors can identify movement from people or animals within a specified range. PIR is made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can recognize various infrared radiation intensities.
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which of the following terms refers to a party's obligation to pay the instrument without resorting to any other party?
Primary liability refers to the legal obligation of a party to pay a negotiable instrument, such as a check or promissory note, without relying on any other party to fulfill that obligation.
The party with primary liability is typically the person who signs or issues the instrument, and they are responsible for ensuring that payment is made in full.
In contrast, secondary liability refers to the liability of other parties, such as endorsers or guarantors, who may be held responsible for payment if the party with primary liability fails to fulfill their obligation. Primary liability is considered to be more significant than secondary liability, as it represents the first and most important obligation to pay the instrument.
Understanding the concept of primary liability is important for anyone who deals with negotiable instruments, as it helps to clarify the legal responsibilities of the parties involved and the conditions under which payment can be enforced.
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Correct question:
Which of the following terms refers to a party's obligation to pay the instrument without resorting to any other party?
a) Holder in due course
b) Accommodation party
c) Negotiable instrument
d) Primary liability
what case decided that evidence obtained unlawfully may not be used against defendants in criminal court?
Answer:i think mapp v Ohio good luck with your work
Explanation:
taylor sued the giants for the allegedly negligent warm-up throw. the most likely outcome of this case is:
The most likely outcome of Taylor suing the Giants for the allegedly negligent warm-up throw is that the case will be dismissed.
In the scenario given, Taylor is suing the Giants for a warm-up throw that was allegedly negligently made. There are a few issues with the case, such as: If the throw was a warm-up throw, then it is unlikely to have been aimed at Taylor directly.
As such, it is difficult to prove that the Giants were negligent in their actions. If the Giants were negligent in their actions, it would be difficult to prove that the alleged negligence was the direct cause of Taylor's injury. Taylor would need to prove that the injury would not have occurred if the Giants had not been negligent, which is difficult to prove.
If the case does go to trial, the Giants would likely argue that Taylor assumed the risk of injury by attending the game in the first place. This is a common defense used in sports injury cases where the injured party knew or should have known that there was a risk of injury but participated in the activity anyway.
Based on these issues, it is most likely that the case will be dismissed. The burden of proof in personal injury cases is high, and it is difficult to prove that the Giants were negligent and that their negligence was the direct cause of Taylor's injury.
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the united states supreme court decision in brown v. board of education of topeka was based on which of the following?
The united states supreme court decision in brown v. board of education of Topeka was based on b. Racial segregation.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional, even where the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality, in the famous case known as Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483. Racial segregation in public schools was ruled to be unlawful by the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education on the basis of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The 1954 decision ruled separate educational facilities for white and African American students to be inherently unequal. Whether separate but equal learning environments violate the Constitution was the legal question at hand in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case.
Complete Question:
The united states supreme court decision in brown v. board of education of Topeka was based on which of the following?
a. Affirmative action of schools
b. Racial segregation.
c. Equal learning facilities
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according to recent data from the federal election commission, which of the following generates the greatest voter turnout?
According to recent data from the federal election commission, presidential elections generates the greatest voter turnout.
The correct option is C.
Candidates are chosen directly by the electorate in U.S. elections. However, voters do not directly elect the president and vice president. Instead, they are picked by "electors" using the Electoral College process. The Constitution is the source of the electoral process. It was a compromise between a vote in Congress and a vote by the general public.
In order to win the presidency, a candidate must receive the support of at least 270 electors, or more than half of all electors in the United States. Every four years, on the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November, Americans elect their president. The correct option is C.
The question is incomplete, complete question "according to recent data from the federal election commission, which of the following generates the greatest voter turnout?
A. gubernatorial elections
B. congressional elections
C. presidential elections
D. state and local elections"
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fill in the blank. generally speaking, prejudice involves negative___, whereas stereotyping involves negative about someone based on their group membership.
Generally speaking, prejudice involves negative discrimination, whereas stereotyping involves negative about someone based on their group membership.
An unjustified, often unfavourable attitude towards a group and its members is called prejudice. The three elements of prejudice are attitudes (often stereotypes), feelings, and propensities to take action (discrimination).
Prejudice is a pejorative attitude and sentiment against a person that is exclusively motivated by that person's social group membership (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Those who belong to an unknown cultural group can face prejudice.
Prejudice is a belief about a person or group that is often unfavourable and is based on a stereotype. A person's participation (or presumed membership) in a certain group generally serves as the foundation for the idea. People are divided by prejudice based on stereotypes as well.
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which of the following did hb 1337 allow? which of the following did hb 1337 allow? alcoholic beverages are exempt from all excise taxes beer not intended for sale was exempt from excise taxes excise taxes can be charged in proportion to brewery production (i.e. larger brewers paid less per barrel in taxes) none of the above
HB 1337 allowed the excise taxes to be charged in proportion to brewery production (i.e. larger brewers paid less per barrel in taxes).
HB 1337 refers to a law that was passed in Indiana in 2016, which is also known as the "Dignity for the Unborn Act." The law sought to increase the number of abortion restrictions in the state, with the hope of eventually banning the procedure completely.
It also contained several provisions that were intended to regulate the production and sale of alcohol in Indiana. What did HB 1337 allow? The provision of HB 1337 that is relevant to this question is that it allowed for excise taxes to be charged in proportion to brewery production. This means that larger breweries would pay less per barrel in taxes than smaller breweries, which would be charged more.
The purpose of this provision was to incentivize the growth of larger breweries and to encourage them to produce more beer. What is an excise tax? An excise tax is a tax that is levied on a specific good or service. In the case of the brewing industry, excise taxes are typically levied on the production of beer, and are used to generate revenue for the government. The amount of the tax is typically based on the volume of beer that is produced.
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Give the definition & examples of Casual Confidentiality and Legal Confidentiality
Confidentiality is the act of keeping something private or not revealing it. Its root word, confide, refers to giving someone your trust or your secrets.
Therefore, confidential information is data that needs to be kept secret or private. Sharing information you overheard others discussing or passing around a document is an example of breaking casual, confidential communications, as is repeating a coworker's assessment of his boss or revealing the fact that a peer is interviewing with another business. Business, employee, and management information are the three main types of confidential information. As stated in the subcategories below, it is crucial to maintain the confidentiality of sensitive information.
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Which of the following is not a reason for which the States Treasurer may deny an applicant or notary public a commission
The States Treasurer may nοt deny an applicant οr nοtary public a cοmmissiοn fοr any reasοn that wοuld viοlate the persοn's right tο equal prοtectiοn under the law, such as discriminatiοn based οn race, gender, religiοn, οr οther prοtected class. Thus, οptiοn 1 is cοrrect.
What is an applicant?An applicant is a persοn whο applies fοrmally fοr sοmething, such as a jοb, prοgram, οr lοan. The act οf applying is the prοcess οf prοviding details abοut οneself tο the οrganizatiοn οr entity that is οffering the οppοrtunity. Generally, an applicant will prοvide infοrmatiοn such as their name, cοntact details, qualificatiοns, and relevant experience.
Depending οn the οppοrtunity, the applicant may alsο need tο submit a resume, cοver letter, and οther dοcuments. The οrganizatiοn οr entity typically reviews the infοrmatiοn prοvided by the applicant and decides whether οr nοt tο accept the applicatiοn.
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Complete question:
Which of the following is not a reason for which the States Treasurer may deny an applicant or notary public a commission
Any reason that would violate the person's right to equal protection under the law, such as discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or other protected class.Failure to comply with P.L. 2021, c. 179 (N.J.S.A. 52:7-10et seq.)A fraudulent, dishonest, or deceitful misstatement or omission in the application for commission as a notary public submitted to the State TreasurerA conviction of a crime of the second degree or above, but nothing in this paragraph shall be deemed to supersede P.L. 1968, c. 282 (N.J.S.A. 2A:168A-1et seq.)please explain it HELP HELP HELP
A criminal code is a written compilation of the majority of the criminal laws in a certain jurisdiction. A criminal code will include the offences that are legal in the jurisdiction, potential punishments, and certain general regulations.
What is penal code, NAPOLCOM and PNP?
The National Police Commission is the body tasked with overseeing and managing the Philippine National Police in accordance with the 1987 Constitution and the Major Police Reform Laws, Republic Act Nos. 6975 and 8551. The Indian Criminal Code is broken into 511 sections spread across 23 chapters.
The Indian Criminal Code's main goals are to define good and wrong as well as the consequences of doing something illegal. The "intention" of committing the crime is a critical factor in criminal law for determining the offense's potential punishment. The Philippine National Police is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission, often known as NAPOLCOM, an affiliated agency of the Department of the Interior and Local Government.
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which of the following best explains the factor that prompted united states involvement in military actions during the second world war?
The factor that prompted united states involvement in military actions is Japan conducted a surprise attack on a United States military base.
Which of the following best describes how migration trends in the United States changed between the 1930s and 1940s?Many Americans moved to cities in pursuit of job possibilities as a result of the Great Depression in the 1930s and the rise in demand for war manufacturing in the 1940s.
What were the causes of immigration and migration to the US?People from many different countries made the decision to emigrate to America in the latter half of the 1800s. Having to escape starvation, land shortages, agricultural failure, and job and land shortages,
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The complete question is:
Which of the following best explains the factor that prompted united states involvement in military actions during the second world war?
micropolitical risk events are those that affect____. industries and companies domestic industries or companies
Micropolitical risk events are those that affect One industry or company or a few companies. The correct answer is C) one industry or company or a few companies.
Business instability brought on by political changes in a nation is known as a political risk. Additionally, political risk causes businesses within a nation to see a drop in equity prices and a decrease in foreign direct investment, which destabilizes business operations. Political insurance protects registered organizations from financial loss and other political circumstances that could result in losses, thereby reducing political risks.
The instabilities that particular organizations that conduct their operations in other countries must contend with are known as micro-political risks. Therefore, certain organizations that conduct business abroad are exposed to these risks. Micro-political risks can also have an impact on international projects that an organization is trying to complete. Governmental, political, or economic changes that a nation experiences can affect micro-political risks. Micropolitical risks have an impact on both investors and businesses because they lower a company's capacity to generate revenue, which lowers investment returns. The correct answer is C) one industry or company or a few companies.
The question is incomplete, complete question "Micropolitical risk events are those that affect _____.
A) multiple industries and companies
B) several other nations in the same region
C) one industry or company or a few companies
D) domestic industries or companies"
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Imagine the following ten-person society featuring the threshold sequence
Alpha = {0, 1, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}.
What would happen in this society?
If we imagine the following ten-person society featuring the threshold sequence Alpha = {0, 1, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}, then only its first 3 members would go out and publicly protest.
Following the threshold sequence Alpha = {0, 1, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10} of a ten-person society, the first 3 members will publicly protest.
Therefore, option b. is correct.
An instance of protest?Any type of employee labor protest, including a strike, a slowdown, a sick day, etc Wildcat airstrike or regular airstrike in the event that negotiations are unsuccessful. Boycott: Organized rejection of a good or service by consumers.
Is the right to protest recognized?The freedom to demonstrate and gather in a crowd is protected by the First Amendment. The exercise of one's right to free speech is, however, subject to some specific, limiting limits that can be imposed by the police and other government officials.
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if ministers fail to answer parliamentary in time, does it mean that they have abdicated their responsibilities?
Yes, Ministers who fail to answer questions in Parliament will face a public reprimand in the House.
under an exempt review, which of the following would occur if the protection of the confidential information of the research subject is warranted?
under an exempt review, which of the following would occur if the protection of the confidential information of the research subject is warranted would be approved.
A specific subset of "research involving human subjects" known as "exempt human subjects research" is exempt from ongoing IRB oversight. If there is only a small risk associated with the research and all of the research procedures fall under one or more of the exemption categories listed in the federal IRB regulations, the research may be exempt. Before beginning a study that is exempt, the IRB must receive a submission for review. Exemption 1 covers studies conducted in well-established or widely accepted educational environments that involve specific customary educational practices, such as studies on currently employed teaching methods or classroom management. The HIPAA Privacy Rule may also apply to studies that are exempt from it.
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which of the following is a way to deal with the different status of detectives and patrol officers?
Use a community-policing model is a way to deal with the different status of detectives and patrol officers.The correct option is c.
An unwritten agreement between the police and the community known as "community-oriented policing" enables them to collaborate actively in order to prevent, identify, and creatively address localized crime and disorder in order to keep their neighborhood free of criminal activity.
Communities' differences matter just as much as their similarities. According to community policing, police must establish trusting bonds with every aspect of the community and focus on the fundamental concerns of quality of life and public safety. According to studies, the community-oriented policing model is the one that is most frequently employed by police departments throughout the country. Due to the fact that they have started introducing specific courses on community policing, police training institutions are extremely important. The correct option is c.
The question is incomplete, complete question will be " Which of the following is a way to deal with the different status of detectives and patrol officers?
a. Treat detectives with more respect than patrol officers.
b. Have detectives specialize in certain types of cases, such as robbery.
c. Use a community-policing model.
d. Pay detectives twice what patrol officers make."
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Under the ______, courts may be called upon to decide if a state law is invalid because it conflicts with a federal law.
A. minimum rationality approach
B. exclusion clause
C. strict scrutiny approach
D. supremacy clause
E. contract clause
Under the Supremacy Clause, courts may be called upon to decide if a state law is invalid because it conflicts with a federal law.
The Supremacy Clause is a provision in the United States Constitution that establishes the authority of federal law over state law. It essentially states that if there is a conflict between federal law and state law, federal law prevails. This means that state laws that are inconsistent with federal laws can be invalidated by federal courts. The Supremacy Clause is important in maintaining a consistent legal framework across the country, and ensuring that federal laws are not undermined by conflicting state laws.
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shirley lives next to reid and has always admired his use of lawn ornaments in his landscaping. she particularly loves reid’s life sized elephant and therefore wants to purchase insurance to protect the lawn ornament from loss or damage during shipping as he sells it to a friend in another state. will shirley be able to do that?
Shirley can purchase insurance to protect Reid's life-sized elephant lawn ornament from loss or damage during shipping, but only if she has a legally recognized insurable interest in the property.
An insurable interest is a financial stake in the property that is being insured, such as ownership or possession of the property. In this case, since the lawn ornament belongs to Reid, Shirley has no insurable interest in it, and therefore she would not be able to purchase insurance to protect it during shipping.
Therefore, while Shirley may admire Reid's use of lawn ornaments, she could not purchase insurance to protect his life-sized elephant lawn ornament during shipping to his friend in another state unless she has a legally recognized insurable interest in the property.
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The different sources of laws that exist in zambia
Answer: judicial, legislation, the constitution and the judiciary
Explanation: the internet
in what ways did public life become democratized throughout the 1790s?
In the 1790s, public life in the United States underwent a transformation as the country moved away from the centralized government of the British and towards a democracy.
This democratization was reflected in many different aspects of life. One of the most significant changes was the implementation of direct elections to choose state and federal officials. This allowed for a greater number of people to become directly involved in the political process, and eventually led to the development of political parties. This democratization of public life also encouraged the growth of a number of different civic organizations and civil society groups, such as the Sons of Liberty and the Lyceum Society.
The economy also underwent a significant shift during this period. States abolished primogeniture, which allowed for the redistribution of land among multiple heirs. This increased the number of citizens who owned land and fostered economic growth. In addition, the establishment of a standardized monetary system in the US made it easier for citizens to engage in economic activities.
Cultural life was also impacted by the democratization of public life. The printing press allowed for the mass production of books, newspapers, and pamphlets which disseminated ideas among the population. This led to a greater exchange of ideas and the rise of popular literature and entertainment.In sum, the 1790s saw a significant democratization of public life in the US. This was reflected in changes to the political system, economy, and culture of the nation, which ultimately allowed for more citizens to participate in public life.
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Compare and contrast the Uniform Crime Report, the National Crime Victimization Survey, and the Self Report. What are
the differences in the way data are collected for the three primary crime data sources? What are the limitations/weaknesses
of each of the three primary crime data sources (b) Explain the impact of COVID-19 on patterns of crime in (i) your
metropolitan area, county, or state.
A. We can see here that the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), and Self-Report are three primary sources of crime data in the United States.
While each source provides insight into criminal behavior, they differ in the way data is collected and the information they provide.
What is crime?Crime refers to any behavior or action that is prohibited by law and punishable by the government or state. Crimes can range from minor offenses, such as traffic violations or petty theft, to serious offenses. The definition of what constitutes a crime varies by jurisdiction and can change over time as laws are updated and revised.
The UCR is compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and provides data on crimes reported to law enforcement agencies across the country. The UCR collects data on eight specific crimes referred to as Part I offenses, including mu'der, ra-pe, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
The NCVS is a survey conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) that collects data on victimization experiences of individuals, including both reported and unreported crimes. The survey includes questions on personal and property victimization, reporting to law enforcement, and the perceived effectiveness of the criminal justice system.
Self-report surveys are typically administered to individuals and ask about their involvement in criminal behavior. These surveys are often anonymous and may include questions about drug use, theft, and violent behavior.
Self-report surveys are useful in providing insight into criminal behavior that may not be reported to law enforcement, but are limited by potential social desirability bias and inaccuracies in reporting.
B. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on patterns of crime in many areas. In some regions, crime rates have decreased due to stay-at-home orders and decreased opportunities for criminal activity.
In conclusion, while the UCR, NCVS, and Self-Report provide important insights into criminal behavior, each has limitations and weaknesses. Researchers and policymakers should be aware of these limitations when using crime data to inform policies and decisions.
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This New Deal program sought to improve the conditions of poor landowning farmers and sharecroppers.
The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was a New Deal program created to improve the conditions of poor landowning farmers and sharecroppers.
The program aimed to reduce overproduction and increase farmers' purchasing power by providing subsidies to farmers who agreed to limit the acreage they cultivated. This would in turn reduce the amount of agricultural products on the market, raise prices, and enable farmers to earn more.
The AAA also offered loans to farmers and provided support for agricultural cooperatives.
Furthermore, the program introduced a system of crop rotation that would help improve the soil, protect against soil erosion, and preserve native wildlife habitats.
The AAA was an ambitious attempt to create a better life for farmers by introducing measures that would help ensure their long-term sustainability.
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compare how legislative powers can be independent or constrained by other governmental institutions in two different ap comparative government and politics course countries. in your response, you should do the following.
In two different countries in an AP Comparative Government and Politics course, the legislative powers can be independent or constrained by other governmental institutions in different ways.
The different systemIn countries with a parliamentary system of government (such as the United Kingdom), the executive branch (Prime Minister and Cabinet) will often have more control over the legislative branch, making it more constrained.
In the United States, Congress is largely independent from the executive branch, meaning it can pass laws without the approval of the president. Additionally, the Supreme Court has limited power to review congressional legislation and can only strike it down if it violates the US Constitution.
In the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister and Cabinet have a significant amount of control over the legislative branch. This is because they have the power to control the agenda of Parliament and have the ability to pass their own laws without a vote from Parliament. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom also has the power to review legislation and strike it down if it violates the European Convention on Human Rights.
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fill in the blank. decades of research shows that the crimes depicted on television are significantly___to be___than actual crimes committed in the real world.
Exploration over several decades has constantly discovered that the crimes depicted on TV are significantly more likely to be violent than actual crimes devoted within the real world.
This phenomenon is known as the" mean world syndrome," which refers to the perception that the world is more parlous and violent than it unfeignedly is, due to the inflated depiction of violence within the media.
Exploration have proven that exposure to violent media can increase feelings of fear and anxiety, and indeed make a donation to aggressive geste in some people. it's pivotal to be apprehensive of the implicit results of media violence and to make apprehensive druthers about the media we devour, especially for children and those who may be more liable to its affect.
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Virtually all parties seeking Supreme Court review must petition the Court for a(n) _____, which commands the lower court to forward the trial records to the Court.criminal trial court proceeding.writ of certiorariforum non conveniens.
A party seeking Supreme Court review must petition the Court for a writ of certiorari, which commands the lower court to forward the trial records to the Court for a criminal trial court proceeding.
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A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a particular other person has committed a specific crime. Also reasonable grounds to make or believe an accusation. Probable cause refers to the necessary level of belief that would allow for police seizures (arrests) of individuals and full searches of dwellings, vehicles, and possessions.
Probable cause is a set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a particular other person has committed a specific crime.
This is also reasonable ground to make or believe an accusation. Probable cause refers to the necessary level of belief that would allow for police seizures (arrests) of individuals and full searches of dwellings, vehicles, and possessions.
According to the Fourth Amendment of the US Constitution, any searches or seizures that are made by the police must be accompanied by probable cause.
This means that the police must have evidence that a crime has been committed and that the person they are searching or seizing is somehow involved in that crime.
If there is no probable cause, then any evidence that is obtained through the search or seizure will not be admissible in court.
The exclusionary rule is designed to protect the rights of individuals who are being searched or seized by the police.
If there is no probable cause, then the evidence that is obtained will be considered the "fruit of the poisonous tree" and cannot be used in court to support the prosecution's case.
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