When a compound is treated with HNO3/H2SO4, it undergoes nitration, which is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Nitration involves the substitution of a nitro group (-NO2) onto an aromatic ring.
The positions of electrophilic attack that lead to the major nitration product(s) depend on the structure of the compound. In general, electron-rich aromatic rings are more susceptible to nitration because they are better able to stabilize the intermediate cationic species that is formed during the reaction.
To predict the positions of electrophilic attack, we need to identify the electron-rich positions on the aromatic ring. The most electron-rich positions are ortho and para to any electron-donating substituents on the ring, such as alkyl groups (-CH3) or hydroxy groups (-OH). The meta position is less electron-rich because it is further away from the electron-donating substituent.
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The work function (Wo) of Sodium metal is 2.28 eV. Use this format for answers involving scientific notation: Planck's Constant: 6.626 X 10^-34 JS me = 9.109 x 10^-31 kg What is the kinetic energy of a photoelectron ejected from the surface of of sodium when illuminated by light of wavelength 410 nm? A/ What is the velocity of this photoelectron? A From which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is this photon? Hint find lambda! The work function (Wo) of Sodium metal is 2.28 eV. Use this format for answers involving scientific notation: Planck's Constant: 6.626 X 10^-34 JS me = 9.109 x 10^-31 kg What is the kinetic energy of a photoelectron ejected from the surface of of sodium when illuminated by light of wavelength 410 nm? A/ What is the velocity of this photoelectron? A From which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is this photon?
In 1905, Einstein proposed the photon model of light, based on Huygen's and Newton's wave model of light and particle model of light respectively.
He suggested that electromagnetic radiation was spatially quantised and made up of a stream of particles (later named photons) that had an energy given by Planck's equation:
[tex]\large \textsf{$E=hf$, where}\\\\ \normalsize \textsf{$\bullet{\, h = $ Planck's constant = $6.626\times10^{-34}\rm \,J\,s}$}\\ \normalsize \textsf{$\bullet{\, f = $ frequency$}$}[/tex]
By using the wave equation for light waves, we can express the photon energy in terms of the light's wavelength. As c = fλ, we can write λ = c/f, and hence:
[tex]\large \textsf{$E=\frac{hc}{\lambda}$, where}\\\\ \normalsize \textsf{$\bullet{\, h = $ Planck's constant = $6.626\times10^{-34}\rm \,J\,s}$}\\ \normalsize \textsf{$\bullet{\, c = $ Speed of light = $3.00\times10^{8}\rm \, ms^{-1}}$}\\ \normalsize \textsf{$\bullet{\, \lambda = $ wavelength (in metres)$}$}[/tex]
This model of light is now the most widely accepted model, exhibiting a property called wave-particle duality: the ability of photons or small particles to exhibit both wave properties and particle properties.
Photoelectric Effect:First discovered in 1887 by physicist Heinrich Hertz, the photoelectric effect describes the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material. Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons. See attached image for depiction of this.
To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein made three assumptions:
Light consisted of a stream of photons with energy E = hfOne photon would interact with one electron on the surface of the metalA specific amount of energy, called the work function (Φ) was required to remove an electron from the surface of a metal. Because the electron are held tightly in some crystal lattices than others, different metals have different work functions.By applying conservation of energy to the interaction between an incident photon and a surface electon, Einstein was able to use his photon model to explain the photoelectric effect. Using his observations, he thus came up with an equation for the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron:
[tex]\large \textsf{$K_{max}=hf-\phi$, where:}\\\\ \normalsize \textsf{$\bullet{\, K_{\rm max}$ is the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron$}$}\\ \normalsize \textsf{$\bullet{\, h$ is Planck's constant$}$}\\ \normalsize \textsf{$\bullet{\, f$ is the frequency of the incident light, and$}$}\\ \normalsize \textsf{$\bullet{\, \phi$ is the work function for the metal$}$}[/tex]
Application of the Photoelectric Effect:To calculate the kinetic energy of a photoelectron ejected from the surface of of sodium when illuminated by light of wavelength 410 nm, we must find the frequency of the light.
To do this, we can plug in our data into the formula for the frequency of the light wave:
[tex]\large \textsf{$f=\frac{v}{\lambda}$, where v = c = speed of light = 3.00$\times$10$^8$ ms$^{-1}$}[/tex]
Hence, frequency = (3.00×10⁸) ÷ (410×10⁻⁹) = 7.3171×10¹⁴ Hz. Note, on the electromagnetic spectrum, this light, with wavelength 410 nm, would most likely be found on the left side, along with gamma rays.
Now we have frequency, we can plug our data into the photoelectric equation:
[tex]\large \textsf{$K_{max}=hf-\phi$}[/tex]
Hence, kinetic energy = (6.626×10⁻³⁴) × (7.3171×10¹⁴) - 1.37×10⁻¹⁸
∴ KE = 8.852×10⁻¹⁹ J
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the kinetic energy of the photoelectron ejected from the surface of sodium when illuminated by the light of wavelength 410 nm is 1.171 x 10⁻¹⁹ J, and the velocity of the photoelectron is 5.505 x 10⁵ m/s. The incident photon came from the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
To solve this problem, we will use the photoelectric effect equation:
Kinetic Energy of photoelectron = Energy of incident photon - Work function
where the work function, Wo, is given as 2.28 eV for sodium metal.
First, we need to find the energy of the incident photon using its wavelength, λ. We can use the equation:
The energy of photon = (Planck's constant x speed of light) / wavelength
where Planck's constant is given as 6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J s, and the speed of light is 2.998 x 10⁸ m/s.
Converting the wavelength of 410 nm to meters gives us:
λ = 410 nm = 410 x 10⁻⁹ m
Plugging these values into the equation, we get:
Energy of photon = (6.626 x 10^-34 J s x 2.998 x 10^8 m/s) / (410 x 10^-9 m)
= 4.833 x 10⁻¹⁹ J
Now we can calculate the kinetic energy of the photoelectron:
Kinetic Energy = Energy of photon - Work function
= 4.833 x 10⁻¹⁹ J - 2.28 eV
We need to convert the work function to joules:
1 eV = 1.602 x 10⁻¹⁹ J
So,
Work function = 2.28 eV x 1.602 x 10^-19 J/eV
= 3.662 x 10⁻¹ J
Therefore,
Kinetic Energy = (4.833 x 10⁻¹⁹ J) - (3.662 x 10⁻¹⁹ J)
= 1.171 x 10⁻¹⁹J
Now we can find the velocity of the photoelectron using the equation:
Kinetic Energy = (1/2) x (mass of electron) x (velocity of electron)^2
where the mass of an electron, me, is given as 9.109 x 10⁻³¹ kg.
Rearranging the equation, we get:
The velocity of electron = √(2 x Kinetic Energy/mass of an electron)
= √[(2 x 1.171 x 10⁻¹⁹ J) / 9.109 x 10⁻³¹ kg]
= 5.505 x 10⁵ m/s
Finally, we can determine from which region of the electromagnetic spectrum the incident photon came from. The wavelength of the incident photon was 410 nm, which corresponds to the violet end of the visible spectrum.
Therefore, the photon came from the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
In summary, the kinetic energy of the photoelectron ejected from the surface of sodium when illuminated by the light of wavelength 410 nm is 1.171 x 10⁻¹⁹ J, and the velocity of the photoelectron is 5.505 x 10⁵ m/s. The incident photon came from the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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How many grams of sodium hydrogen carbonate decompose to give 28.7 mL of carbon dioxide gas at STP?2NaHCO3(s)⟶ΔNa2CO3(s)+H2O(l)+CO2(g)Express your answer with the appropriate units.
0.215 grams of sodium hydrogen carbonate decompose to produce 28.7 mL of carbon dioxide gas at STP.
To calculate the grams of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃) decomposing to produce 28.7 mL of carbon dioxide (CO₂) at STP, we can use the Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT) and stoichiometry.
At STP, temperature (T) is 273.15 K, pressure (P) is 1 atm, and the gas constant (R) is 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K.
First, convert the volume of CO₂ to moles.
Rearrange the Ideal Gas Law to solve for n:
n = PV / RT = (1 atm)(0.0287 L) / (0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(273.15 K) = 0.00128 mol of CO₂.
Now, using the stoichiometry of the balanced equation, find the moles of NaHCO3:
2 moles NaHCO₃ / 1 mole CO₂ = x moles NaHCO₃ / 0.00128 mol CO₂. Solving for x gives 0.00256 mol of NaHCO₃.
Finally, convert moles of NaHCO₃ to grams using its molar mass (84 g/mol):
0.00256 mol NaHCO₃ × 84 g/mol = 0.215 g NaHCO₃.
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The mass of NaHCO3 required is:
0.00256 mol NaHCO3 × 84 g/mol = 0.215 g NaHCO3
What is the mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate that decomposes to produce 28.7 mL of carbon dioxide gas?The mass of NaHCO3 is 0.215 g NaHCO3.
The balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate is:
2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
From the equation, we see that 2 moles of NaHCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2.
At STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L.
Given that 28.7 mL of CO2 gas is produced, we can convert it to moles
28.7 mL CO2 × (1 L / 1000 mL) × (1 mol CO2 / 22.4 L) = 0.00128 mol CO2
Since 2 moles of NaHCO3 produce 1 mole of CO2, the number of moles of NaHCO3 required is:
0.00128 mol CO2 × (2 mol NaHCO3 / 1 mol CO2) = 0.00256 mol NaHCO3
The molar mass of NaHCO3 is:
Na = 23 g/mol
H = 1 g/mol
C = 12 g/mol
O = 16 g/mol
Total molar mass = 23 + 1 + 12 + 3(16) = 84 g/mol
Therefore, the mass of NaHCO3 required is:
0.00256 mol NaHCO3 × 84 g/mol = 0.215 g NaHCO3 (to three significant figures).
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What product(s) are expected in the ethoxide‑promoted β‑elimination reaction of 2‑bromo‑2,3‑dimethylbutane
Product(s) are expected in the ethoxide‑promoted β‑elimination reaction of 2‑bromo‑2,3‑dimethylbutane are 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene, is an alkene with a double bond between the β-carbon and the adjacent carbon.
The ethoxide-promoted β-elimination reaction of 2-bromo-2,3-dimethylbutane is a type of E2 (elimination, bimolecular) reaction. In this reaction, the ethoxide ion (C2H5O-) acts as a base and removes a proton from the β-carbon (carbon adjacent to the carbon bearing the leaving group) while the leaving group (bromine in this case) is expelled. The reaction proceeds through a concerted mechanism, where the bond between the β-carbon and the leaving group breaks, and a new π bond is formed. The expected products of the ethoxide-promoted β-elimination reaction of 2-bromo-2,3-dimethylbutane are 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene and sodium bromide (NaBr). The bromine atom, which serves as the leaving group, is replaced by the double bond formed between the β-carbon and the adjacent carbon.
The reaction can be represented as follows:
2-bromo-2,3-dimethylbutane + Ethoxide ion → 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene + Sodium bromide
The resulting product, 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene, is an alkene with a double bond between the β-carbon and the adjacent carbon. The formation of an alkene through elimination reactions is a common transformation in organic chemistry and is frequently encountered in various synthetic and biochemical processes.
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what is the δhrxn for the cleavage of dimethyl ether using the bond energies approach?
The enthalpy change for the cleavage of dimethyl ether using the bond energies approach is 826 kJ/mol.
The cleavage of dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) can be represented by the following equation:
CH3OCH3(g) → CH3(g) + CH3O(g)
To calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction (ΔHr), we can use the bond energies approach. This approach involves calculating the sum of the energies required to break the bonds in the reactants and the sum of the energies released by the formation of bonds in the products.
The bond energies for the relevant bonds are:
C-H bond energy = 413 kJ/mol
C-O bond energy = 360 kJ/mol
O-H bond energy = 463 kJ/mol
Using these values, we can calculate the energy required to break the bonds in the reactants:
Reactants:
4 C-H bonds × 413 kJ/mol = 1652 kJ/mol
1 C-O bond × 360 kJ/mol = 360 kJ/mol
1 O-H bond × 463 kJ/mol = 463 kJ/mol
Total energy required to break bonds in the reactants = 2475 kJ/mol
We can also calculate the energy released by the formation of bonds in the products:
Products:
2 C-H bonds × 413 kJ/mol = 826 kJ/mol
1 C-O bond × 360 kJ/mol = 360 kJ/mol
1 O-H bond × 463 kJ/mol = 463 kJ/mol
Total energy released by the formation of bonds in the products = 1649 kJ/mol
Therefore, the net energy change for the reaction is:
ΔHr = (total energy required to break bonds in the reactants) - (total energy released by the formation of bonds in the products)
= 2475 kJ/mol - 1649 kJ/mol
= 826 kJ/mol
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How many grams are there in 1. 00x1034 formula units of Ca3(PO4)2?
To determine the number of grams in 1.00x10^34 formula units of Ca3(PO4)2, we need to calculate the molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2 and then convert the given number of formula units to grams using Avogadro's number. The molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2 is calculated by adding the atomic masses of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and oxygen (O) based on their respective stoichiometric ratios.
The final result, after converting the formula units to grams, will be a very large number due to the extremely large quantity given.
The molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2 can be calculated by multiplying the atomic mass of each element by its respective subscript and summing them up. The atomic masses are approximately 40.08 g/mol for calcium (Ca), 30.97 g/mol for phosphorus (P), and 16.00 g/mol for oxygen (O).
Ca3(PO4)2 consists of three calcium atoms, two phosphate (PO4) groups, and a total of eight oxygen atoms. Calculating the molar mass:
(3 * 40.08 g/mol) + (2 * (1 * 30.97 g/mol + 4 * 16.00 g/mol)) = 310.18 g/mol
Now, we can use Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.022x10^23 formula units per mole, to convert the given quantity of formula units to grams.
(1.00x10^34 formula units) * (310.18 g/mol) / (6.022x10^23 formula units/mol) = 5.18x10^10 grams
Therefore, there are approximately 5.18x10^10 grams in 1.00x10^34 formula units of Ca3(PO4)2.
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draw a structure for a ketone that exhibits a molecular ion at m = 86 and that produces fragments at m/z = 71 and m/z = 43.
Without additional information, it is not possible to determine the specific structure of the ketone that exhibits a molecular ion at m/z = 86 and produces fragments at m/z = 71 and m/z = 43.
What is the structure of a ketone that exhibits a molecular ion at m/z = 86 and produces fragments at m/z = 71 and m/z = 43?Based on the given information, the molecular ion (M) has a mass (m) of 86, and the compound produces fragments with mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of 71 and 43.
Without additional information about the specific arrangement of atoms in the ketone molecule, it is challenging to provide a specific structure.
Ketones have a general molecular formula of R-CO-R', where R and R' can be various organic groups.
To determine the specific structure, additional details such as the number and types of substituents or functional groups attached to the ketone are needed.
With that information, it would be possible to propose a more accurate structure that matches the given mass and fragmentation patterns.
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the ions ca 2 and po4 3- form a salt with the formula: a. ca po4 b. ca2( po4 )3 c. ca2po4 d. ca(po4 )2 e. ca3( po4 )2
The ions Ca²⁺ and PO₄³⁻ combine to form a salt with the formula e. Ca₃(PO₄)₂.
In order to understand this, we need to consider the charges of the ions involved. Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) have a positive charge of +2, while phosphate ions (PO₄³⁻) have a negative charge of -3.
When forming a salt, the positive and negative charges must balance out to form a neutral compound.
To achieve this balance, we need three calcium ions (each with a charge of +2) and two phosphate ions (each with a charge of -3).
This is because:
3 Ca²⁺ ions: 3 x (+2) = +6
2 PO₄³⁻ ions: 2 x (-3) = -6
When the charges of these ions combine, they result in a neutral compound (+6 and -6 cancel out). Therefore, the correct formula for the salt formed by the combination of Ca²⁺ and PO₄³⁻ ions is Ca₃(PO₄)₂. Therefore, the correct answer is option e.
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The nonvolatile, nonelectrolyte chlorophyll, C55H72MgN4O5 (893.50 g/mol), is soluble in ethanol CH3CH2OH.
Calculate the osmotic pressure generated when 10.4 grams of chlorophyll are dissolved in 184 ml of a ethanol solution at 298 K.
The molarity of the solution is _____ M.
The osmotic pressure of the solution is _______atmospheres.
The molarity of the solution is approximately 0.063 M, and the osmotic pressure of the solution is approximately 1.54 atmospheres.
To do this, we need to convert the grams of chlorophyll to moles and then divide by the volume of the solution in liters.
10.4 g chlorophyll x (1 mol / 893.50 g) = 0.0116 mol chlorophyll
Volume of solution = 184 ml = 0.184 L
Molarity = 0.0116 mol / 0.184 L = 0.063 M
Next, we can use the formula for osmotic pressure:
π = MRT
Where:
π = osmotic pressure (in atmospheres)
M = molarity (in moles/liter)
R = gas constant (0.08206 L atm/mol K)
T = temperature (in Kelvin)
We plug in the values we have:
π = (0.063 mol/L) x (0.08206 L atm/mol K) x (298 K)
π = 1.26 atm
Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 0.063 M and the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.26 atmospheres.
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Calculate the zero point energy of a hydrogen molecule in a one-dimensional box of length 2.19 cm .
The zero point energy of a hydrogen molecule in a one-dimensional box of length 2.19 cm is approximately 6.49 x [tex]10^{-22[/tex]Joules.
To calculate the zero point energy of a hydrogen molecule in a one-dimensional box of length 2.19 cm, follow these steps:
Step 1: Convert the length to meters.
1 cm = 0.01 m, so 2.19 cm = 0.0219 m.
Step 2: Obtain the constants.
Planck's constant (h) = [tex]6.626 *10^{-34} Js[/tex]
Mass of hydrogen molecule (m) = 3.32 x[tex]10^{-27[/tex]kg (molecular mass of H2 = 2 x 1.67 x [tex]10^{-27[/tex]kg)
Speed of light (c) = 3 x [tex]10^8[/tex]m/s
Step 3: Apply the formula for the zero-point energy of a particle in a one-dimensional box.
E_0 = ([tex]h^2[/tex]) / (8 * m * [tex]L^2[/tex])
Step 4: Substitute the values into the formula.
E_0 = (6.626 x [tex]10^{-34[/tex] J·s) (6.626 x [tex]10^{-34[/tex] J·s)/ (8 * 3.32 x [tex]10^{-27[/tex] kg * [tex](0.0219 m)^2[/tex])
Step 5: Solve for E_0.
E_0 ≈ 6.49 x [tex]10^{-22[/tex] J
The zero point energy of a hydrogen molecule in a one-dimensional box of length 2.19 cm is approximately 6.49 x [tex]10^{-22[/tex]Joules.
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Determine the magnitude of the electric force on the electron of a hydrogen atom exerted by the single proton (Q2=+e) that is its nucleus. Assume the electron "orbits" the proton at its average distance of r=0.53x10-1°m. Proton Electron 2. Two equal positive charges qı = 22=2uC are located at x=0, y=0.30m and x=0, y=-0.3m, respectively. What are the magnitude and direction of the total force that they exert on third charge q3 = 4uC at x=0.4m, y=0?
The magnitude of the electric force on the electron of a hydrogen atom exerted by the single proton is 8.24 x 10^-8 N, The direction of the total force is toward the left, since the force due to q1 is greater than the force due to q2, and is directed toward the left.
1. The magnitude of the electric force on the electron of a hydrogen atom exerted by the single proton can be calculated using Coulomb's law:
F = k * (Q1 * Q2) / r²
where k is the Coulomb constant (k = 8.99 x 10^9 N * m² / C²), Q1 is the charge of the electron (Q1 = -e = -1.6 x 10¹⁹ C), Q2 is the charge of the proton (Q2 = +e = +1.6 x 10¹⁹ C), and r is the average distance between the electron and the proton (r = 0.53 x 10⁻¹⁰ m).
Substituting the given values, we get:
F = (8.99 x 10⁹ N * m² / C²) * ((-1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C) *(1.6 x 10⁻¹⁹C)) / (0.53 x 10⁻¹⁰ m)²
F = 8.24 x 10^-8 N
The magnitude of the electric force on the electron of a hydrogen atom exerted by the single proton is 8.24 x 10^-8 N.
2. The magnitude of the total force exerted on the third charge q3 can be calculated by adding the individual forces due to the two charges q1 and q2:
F3 = F1 + F2
where F1 and F2 are the forces exerted by q1 and q2 on q3, respectively.
The magnitude of the force due to each charge can be calculated using Coulomb's law:
F = k * (Q1 * Q3) / r^2
where Q1 is the charge of the source charge (q1 or q2), Q3 is the charge of the target charge (q3), and r is the distance between the charges.
For q1:
F1 = (8.99 x 10^9 N * m² / C²) * ((2 x 10⁶ C) * (4 x 10⁶ C)) / (0.4 m)²
F1 = 2.25 x 10² N
The force due to q1 is directed toward the left, since it is a positive charge and q3 is negative.
For q2:
F2 = (8.99 x 10⁹N * m² / C²) * ((2 x 10⁶ C) * (4 x 10⁻⁶C)) / (0.5 m)²
F2 = 1.44 x 10² N
The force due to q2 is directed toward the right, since it is a positive charge and q3 is negative.
Therefore, the total force exerted on q3 is:
F3 = F1 + F2
F3 = (2.25 x 10²N) + (1.44 x 10²N)
F3 = 3.69 x 10² N
The direction of the total force is toward the left, since the force due to q1 is greater than the force due to q2, and is directed toward the left.
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The bohr radius of the hydrogen atom is 0.0529 nm. that's the radius in the n=1 state. what is the radius of the hydrogen atom in the n=3 state.? 0.0529 nm 0.00588 nm 0.48 nm 0.16 nm
You want to find the radius of the hydrogen atom in the n=3 state, given that the Bohr radius of the hydrogen atom in the n=1 state is 0.0529 nm. To determine this, we will use the following formula:
radius = (n^2 * a0), where n is the principal quantum number (in this case, n=3), and a0 is the Bohr radius (0.0529 nm).
Step 1: Calculate the square of the principal quantum number:
n^2 = 3^2 = 9
Step 2: Multiply the result with the Bohr radius:
radius = (n^2 * a0) = (9 * 0.0529 nm) = 0.4761 nm
Therefore, the radius of the hydrogen atom in the n=3 state is approximately 0.48 nm.
Circle the following chemical that will have a pH closest to 7 for a 0.1 M aqueous solution? Clearly show your work or reasoning below. a) C2H6 b) C2H6 c) HAsF6 d) FCOOH e) B(OH)3
The chemical that will have a pH closest to 7 for a 0.1 M aqueous solution is e. B(OH)₃.
B(OH)₃ is a weak Lewis acid, which reacts with water to form the hydroxide ion (OH-) and the conjugate base of boric acid (B(OH)₄⁻):
B(OH)₃ + H₂O ⇌ B(OH)₄⁻ + H⁺
The acid dissociation constant (Ka) for this reaction is very small, indicating that B(OH)3 is a weak acid. Therefore, the concentration of H⁺ ions in a 0.1 M aqueous solution of B(OH)₃ will be very low, resulting in a pH close to 7.
On the other hand, the other compounds listed (C2H6, C2H5OH, HAsF6, FCOOH) are not acidic or weakly acidic. C2H6 and C2H5OH are neutral compounds that do not ionize in water, while HAsF6 and FCOOH are strong acids that will result in a low pH.
Therefore, the answer is (e) B(OH)₃.
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what is the shape around the central atom of sifh3?
element with highest bonding capacity in period 3?
The shape around the central atom of SiFH3 is trigonal pyramidal, with a bond angle of approximately 107 degrees.
In period 3, the element with the highest bonding capacity is silicon. This is because as we move across the periodic table from left to right, the number of valence electrons increases, leading to a greater ability to form covalent bonds with other atoms.
Silicon, with its four valence electrons, is able to form up to four covalent bonds with other elements, making it a highly effective bonding agent.
This is particularly useful in the electronics industry, where silicon is used extensively in the manufacture of semiconductors and integrated circuits.
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a gas mixture contains 45.6 g of carbon monoxide and 899 g of carbon dioxide. what is the mole fraction of carbon monoxide?
The mole fraction of carbon monoxide in the gas mixture is 0.074 or 7.4%.
To calculate the mole fraction of carbon monoxide in the gas mixture, we need to first determine the total number of moles of gas present in the mixture. We can do this by dividing the mass of each gas by its respective molar mass, then adding the resulting number of moles together.
The molar mass of carbon monoxide is 28 g/mol, while the molar mass of carbon dioxide is 44 g/mol. Using these values, we can calculate the number of moles of each gas present in the mixture:
- Moles of CO: 45.6 g ÷ 28 g/mol = 1.63 mol
- Moles of CO2: 899 g ÷ 44 g/mol = 20.43 mol
Adding these values together gives a total of 22.06 moles of gas in the mixture.
Now, to calculate the mole fraction of carbon monoxide, we simply divide the number of moles of carbon monoxide by the total number of moles of gas:
- Mole fraction of CO = 1.63 mol ÷ 22.06 mol = 0.074
Therefore, the mole fraction of carbon monoxide in the gas mixture is 0.074 or 7.4%.
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What is the mole ratio of methane to water in the reaction?
The mole ratio of methane to water in a reaction depends on the balanced chemical equation representing the reaction. Without specific information about the reaction, it is not possible to determine the exact mole ratio.
In a balanced chemical equation, the coefficients in front of the reactants and products represent the mole ratios between them. For example, if the balanced equation is:
CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
The mole ratio of methane to water is 1:2. This means that for every 1 mole of methane consumed in the reaction, 2 moles of water are produced. The coefficients provide a quantitative relationship between the reactants and products, allowing us to determine the stoichiometry of the reaction and the corresponding mole ratios.
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draw the schematic for a 3-input pseudo nmos nor gate. choose the device sizes based on the reference inverter with size of switching transistor as 4.71/1 and load transistor as 1/1.68
A pseudo nmos nor gate is a type of logic gate that uses a pseudo nmos configuration to achieve the desired output. It is made up of three input transistors and one output transistor. The schematic for a 3-input pseudo nmos nor gate is as follows:
___
| |
A ----|>o----| |
|___|
| |
B ----|>o----| |
|___|
| |
C ----|>o----|___|
| |
|___|
|
___
| |
Out ---|>o----|___|
In this configuration, the input transistors are connected in parallel to the output transistor. The input transistors act as pull-down resistors and the output transistor acts as a pull-up resistor. When all input signals are low, the output is high. When any input signal is high, the corresponding input transistor turns off, allowing the output transistor to turn on and pull the output low.
The device sizes for the switching transistor and load transistor are given as 4.71/1 and 1/1.68 respectively, based on the reference inverter. These sizes can be used as a reference for selecting the device sizes for the pseudo nmos nor gate. The switching transistor should be larger than the load transistor to ensure that it can handle the current required for switching. The specific device sizes will depend on the specific application and design requirements.
In conclusion, the schematic for a 3-input pseudo nmos nor gate can be implemented using three input transistors and one output transistor. The device sizes can be selected based on the reference inverter, with the switching transistor larger than the load transistor to handle the current required for switching.
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Predict the ideal bond angles around nitrogen in n2f2 using the molecular shape given by the vsepr theory. enter a number without the degree symbol.
The VSEPR theory predicts that the molecular shape of N2F2 is bent or V-shaped. The ideal bond angles around nitrogen in N2F2 are approximately 109.5 degrees. However, due to the presence of two lone pairs on each nitrogen atom, the bond angles may deviate slightly from the ideal value.
Using the VSEPR theory, the molecular shape of N2F2 is a trigonal planar arrangement with one lone pair on each nitrogen atom. As a result, the ideal bond angle between the nitrogen and fluorine atoms in N2F2 is approximately 120 degrees.
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the heat of vaporization of mercury is 60.7 kj/mol. for hg(l), s° = 76.1 j mol-1 k-1, and for hg(g), s° = 175 j mol-1 k-1. estimate the normal boiling point of liquid mercury.Teq =
The estimated normal boiling point of liquid mercury is approximately 613.3 K.
The normal boiling point of liquid mercury can be estimated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which relates the heat of vaporization, entropy changes, and the boiling point temperature. The equation is:
ln(P2/P1) = ΔHvap/R * (1/T1 - 1/T2)
Here, ΔHvap is the heat of vaporization (60.7 kJ/mol), R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol K), and ΔSvap is the difference in entropy between the gaseous and liquid states, which is (175 J mol-1 K-1) - (76.1 J mol-1 K-1) = 98.9 J mol-1 K-1.
Assuming P1 is 1 atm (standard pressure) and P2 is also 1 atm, as we are interested in the normal boiling point, the equation simplifies to:
ln(1) = ΔHvap/ΔSvap * (1/T1 - 1/T2)
Since ln(1) = 0, the equation further simplifies to:
0 = ΔHvap/ΔSvap * (1/T1 - 1/T2)
Assuming T1 is close to the boiling point, we can approximate 1/T1 ≈ 1/T2, and the equation simplifies to:
T2 ≈ ΔHvap/ΔSvap
Now, we can substitute the values and solve for T2:
T2 ≈ (60.7 kJ/mol * 1000 J/kJ) / (98.9 J mol-1 K-1) = 613.3 K
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.Given the information
A+BC⟶2D⟶DΔH∘ΔH∘=−685.3 kJΔ∘=369.0 J/K=541.0 kJΔ∘=−191.0 J/K
calculate Δ∘at 298 K for the reaction
A+B⟶2C
Therefore, Δ∘ at 298 K for the reaction A + B ⟶ 2C is -685,682 J or -685.682 kJ. To calculate Δ∘ at 298 K for the reaction A + B ⟶ 2C, we can use Hess's Law.
Hess's Law states that if a reaction can be expressed as the sum of two or more reactions, the enthalpy change of the overall reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes of the individual reactions.
Given reactions:
A + BC ⟶ 2D
2D ⟶ D
We need to find the enthalpy change for the reaction A + B ⟶ 2C. Let's break down the reaction into the given reactions:
A + B ⟶ A + BC (Step 1)
A + BC ⟶ 2D (Step 2)
2D ⟶ 2C (Step 3)
Now we can calculate the enthalpy change for the overall reaction by summing up the enthalpy changes of these individual steps.
Step 1:
Since A appears on both sides of the equation, its enthalpy change will cancel out, so we don't need to consider it in the calculations.
Step 2:
ΔH∘(Step 2) = ΔH∘(A + BC ⟶ 2D) = -685.3 kJ
Step 3:
ΔH∘(Step 3) = ΔH∘(2D ⟶ 2C) = 2 * ΔH∘(D) = 2 * (-191.0 J/K) = -382 J/K = -0.382 kJ
Now, we can sum up the enthalpy changes of all the steps to find the overall enthalpy change:
ΔH∘(A + B ⟶ 2C) = ΔH∘(Step 2) + ΔH∘(Step 3)
= -685.3 kJ + (-0.382 kJ)
= -685.3 kJ - 0.382 kJ
= -685.682 kJ
Since the enthalpy change is given at 298 K, we need to convert the enthalpy change from kJ to J:
ΔH∘(A + B ⟶ 2C) = -685.682 kJ * 1000 J/kJ
= -685,682 J
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what is the molar solubility of ca3(po4)2? (ksp of ca3(po4)2 = 2.0×10−29)
The molar solubility of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ is 4.4 × 10⁻¹⁰ M, using the Ksp value of 2.0 x 10⁻²⁹. This means that only a small amount of the compound will dissolve in solution.
The molar solubility of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ can be calculated using its solubility product constant (Ksp) which is given as 2.0 × 10⁻²⁹.
The solubility product expression for Ca₃(PO₄)₂ is:
Ca₃(PO₄)₂ ⇌ 3Ca²⁺ + 2PO₄²⁻
Ksp = [Ca²⁺]³ [PO₄⁻²]²
Let x be the molar solubility of Ca₃(PO₄)₂. Then at equilibrium, the concentration of Ca²⁺ and PO₄²⁻ ions will be 3x and 2x, respectively.
Substituting these values into the solubility product expression and solving for x, we get:
Ksp = (3x)³ (2x)²
2.0 × 10⁻²⁹ = 108x⁵
x = (2.0 × 10⁻²⁹ / 108)^(1/5)
x = 4.4 × 10⁻¹⁰ M
Therefore, the molar solubility of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ is 4.4 × 10⁻¹⁰ M.
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consider the reaction of 75.0 ml of 0.350 m c₅h₅n (kb = 1.7 x 10⁻⁹) with 100.0 ml of 0.425 m hcl. what quantity in moles of h⁺ would be present if 100.0 ml of h⁺ were added?
If 100.0 mL of H+ were added, the quantity in moles of H+ present would be 0.0425 mol. First, let's write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between C5H5N and HCl:
C5H5N + HCl → C5H6NCl
From the balanced equation, we can see that the moles of H+ produced in the reaction will be equal to the moles of C5H5N consumed.
Therefore, we need to calculate the moles of C5H5N in the initial solution:
moles of C5H5N = (0.350 mol/L) x (0.0750 L)
= 0.0263 mol
Now we can use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to find the moles of H+ produced:
moles of H+ = moles of C5H5N
= 0.0263 mol
Finally, we can calculate the quantity in moles of H+ present if 100.0 mL of H+ were added:
moles of H+ = (0.425 mol/L) x (0.1000 L)
= 0.0425 mol
Therefore, if 100.0 mL of H+ were added, the quantity in moles of H+ present would be 0.0425 mol.
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Draw the expanded structural formula for the following condensed formula. (Draw all hydrogen atoms.) CH2=CHCH2CH2CH(CH3)2.
Final expanded structural formula for CH2=CHCH2CH2CH(CH3)2, with all hydrogen atoms included:
H H
| |
C=C--C--C--C--C
| | |
H C H
|
C--C(CH3)2
|
H
First, let's break down the condensed formula into its individual parts. The formula is CH2=CHCH2CH2CH(CH3)2, which means that we have six carbon atoms and twelve hydrogen atoms.
Starting with the first carbon atom (the one on the left), we know that it is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the second carbon atom, which is double-bonded to the third carbon atom. The third carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the fourth carbon atom, which is bonded to the fifth carbon atom. The fifth carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the sixth carbon atom, which is bonded to two methyl groups (CH3) and to the fourth carbon atom.
Now, let's draw this out in an expanded structural formula. We'll start with the first carbon atom on the left and work our way to the right.
First, draw a carbon atom with two hydrogen atoms attached. Then draw a carbon atom double-bonded to the first carbon atom and bonded to a third carbon atom. Draw the third carbon atom with two hydrogen atoms attached and bonded to the fourth carbon atom. Draw the fourth carbon atom with a single bond to the third carbon atom and a single bond to the fifth carbon atom.
Now, draw the fifth carbon atom with two hydrogen atoms attached and bonded to the sixth carbon atom. Finally, draw the sixth carbon atom with two methyl groups (CH3) attached and a single bond to the fourth carbon atom.
Here is the final expanded structural formula for CH2=CHCH2CH2CH(CH3)2, with all hydrogen atoms included:
H H
| |
C=C--C--C--C--C
| | |
H C H
|
C--C(CH3)2
|
H
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calculate e°cell for the following reaction: 2 fe2 (aq) cd2 (aq) ↔ 2 fe3 (aq) cd (s)
I'll gladly help you calculate the E°cell for the given reaction. To do this, we'll use the Nernst equation and the standard reduction potentials for the two half-reactions involved. Here are the steps to calculate E°cell:
1. Identify the half-reactions:
Fe2+ (aq) → Fe3+ (aq) + e- (Oxidation half-reaction)
Cd2+ (aq) + 2e- → Cd (s) (Reduction half-reaction)
2. Find the standard reduction potentials (E°) for both half-reactions from a reference table:
E°(Fe3+/Fe2+) = +0.77 V
E°(Cd2+/Cd) = -0.40 V
3. Reverse the oxidation half-reaction's potential, as it needs to be an oxidation potential instead of a reduction potential:
E°(Fe2+/Fe3+) = -0.77 V
4. Add the standard potentials for both half-reactions to find E°cell:
E°cell = E°(Fe2+/Fe3+) + E°(Cd2+/Cd)
E°cell = -0.77 V + (-0.40 V)
E°cell = -1.17 V
The E°cell for the given reaction is -1.17 V. This indicates that the reaction is not spontaneous under standard conditions, as a positive E°cell would be required for a spontaneous reaction.
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a laboratory technician combines 34.3 ml of 0.319 m copper(ii) chloride with 27.4 ml 0.483 m potassium hydroxide. how many grams of copper(ii) hydroxide can precipitate?
1.07 grams of copper(II) hydroxide can precipitate if 34.3 ml of 0.319 m copper(ii) chloride combines with 27.4 ml 0.483 m potassium hydroxide.
First, we need to determine the limiting reagent in the reaction. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
CuCl2 + 2KOH → Cu(OH)2 + 2KCl
The number of moles of CuCl2 is (34.3 mL)(0.319 mol/L) = 10.93 mmol, while the number of moles of KOH is (27.4 mL)(0.483 mol/L) = 13.22 mmol. Therefore, CuCl2 is the limiting reagent.
The amount of Cu(OH)2 that can be formed is equal to the amount of CuCl2 used in the reaction. Therefore, the number of moles of Cu(OH)2 is also 10.93 mmol. The molar mass of Cu(OH)2 is 97.56 g/mol, so the mass of Cu(OH)2 that can be precipitated is:
mass = number of moles × molar mass = 10.93 mmol × 97.56 g/mol = 1.07 g
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The amount of copper(II) hydroxide that can precipitate can be calculated using stoichiometry. The answer is 0.694 g.
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction: [tex]CuCl2 + 2KOH → Cu(OH)2 + 2KCl[/tex]
2. Calculate the number of moles of CuCl2 and KOH using the given volumes and concentrations.
3. Determine the limiting reactant by comparing the number of moles of CuCl2 and KOH. In this case, CuCl2 is the limiting reactant.
4. Calculate the number of moles of Cu(OH)2 that can form using the number of moles of CuCl2.
5. Convert the number of moles of Cu(OH)2 to grams using the molar mass of Cu(OH)2. The answer is 0.694 g.
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Mercury (a) is harmless once converted into methylmercury, (b) exposure often occurs through shellfish, (c) is most concentrated in herbivores, (d) can be safely trapped during the production of concrete, (e) damages the immune system.
The mercury of the answer is: option(a) Mercury is not harmless once converted into methylmercury. option (b) Exposure to mercury often occurs through shellfish.
(a) Mercury is not harmless once converted into methylmercury. Methylmercury is a highly toxic form of mercury that can bioaccumulate in organisms and pose significant health risks. It can accumulate in the food chain, especially in fish and seafood, and prolonged exposure to methylmercury can lead to neurological and developmental problems in humans.
(b) Exposure to mercury often occurs through shellfish. Shellfish, such as certain types of fish and crustaceans, have the ability to accumulate mercury from their environment. This is because mercury can be present in water bodies due to natural processes or human activities, such as industrial pollution. When shellfish are consumed by humans, the mercury they have accumulated can be transferred to the body, leading to potential health risks.
The statements (c), (d), and (e) are incorrect. Mercury is not most concentrated in herbivores (c), it cannot be safely trapped during the production of concrete (d), and it does not directly damage the immune system (e). However, it is important to note that mercury exposure can have various adverse effects on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and other organs.
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Rank the following gases from most to least ideal in terms of the van der Waals coefficient b: CO2, SF6, O2, H2, He, CH4, Rn. Explain the reasoning for your ranking
we rank the following gases from most to least ideal in terms of the van der Waals coefficient b: He, H2, O2, CH4, CO2, SF6, Rn.
The ranking of the following gases from most to least ideal in terms of the van der Waals coefficient b: He, H2, O2, CH4, CO2, SF6, Rn is given below.
The explanation for this ranking is given below.
He, which has the smallest van der Waals coefficient, is the most ideal gas of all the gases mentioned because it has the least interaction between particles and behaves similarly to an ideal gas. Hydrogen (H2) is next because, although its size is larger than He, it is still small and has relatively low intermolecular interactions. Oxygen (O2) is ranked third because it has higher van der Waals interactions than H2 but still less than larger and more complex gases.
Methane (CH4) is the next gas to be ranked because its size is much larger than that of oxygen and because it has more interactions than oxygen. CO2 is ranked fifth because it is larger and more polarizable than methane and has more intermolecular interactions. SF6 has the highest van der Waals coefficient, making it the least ideal gas, and its size is much greater than all other gases. Finally, Rn is the least ideal gas because of its massive size and low polarizability, both of which contribute to its high intermolecular interaction.
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Calculate the molarity of a 17.5% (by mass) aqueous solution of nitric acid.
A)0.274 m
B)3.04 m
C)2.74 m
D)4.33 m
E)The density of the solution is needed to solve this problem
The molarity of a 17.5% (by mass) aqueous solution of nitric acid. option C) 2.74 m. Hence, option c) is the correct answer.
To calculate the molarity of the solution, we need to know the molar mass of nitric acid and the density of the solution. The molar mass of nitric acid is 63.01 g/mol.
Assuming we have 100 g of the solution, we know that 17.5 g of this is nitric acid. We can convert this mass to moles by dividing by the molar mass:
17.5 g / 63.01 g/mol = 0.2777 mol
Now, we need to calculate the volume of the solution that contains this amount of nitric acid. To do this, we need the density of the solution. Unfortunately, this information is not given in the question, so we cannot proceed further without making an assumption.
Assuming a density of 1.00 g/mL (which is a reasonable assumption for aqueous solutions), we can calculate the volume of the solution:
100 g / 1.00 g/mL = 100 mL = 0.1 L
Now, we can calculate the molarity of the solution:
Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters
Molarity = 0.2777 mol / 0.1 L = 2.777 M
Rounding this to three significant figures gives us 2.74 m, which is option C).
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enter your answer in the provided box. the isotope given below has a half-life of 1.01 yr. what mass (in mg) of a 2.00−mg sample will remain after 3.75 × 103 h? 212 bi 83 mg
Approximately 0.0546 mg of the 2.00 mg sample of 212Bi will remain after 3.75 × 103 hours. Given a 2.00 mg sample of 212Bi with a half-life of 1.01 years, we need to calculate the remaining mass after 3.75 × 103 hours.
The final mass can be determined using the decay formula and converting the time to years, resulting in approximately 0.0546 mg.
To determine the remaining mass of the 212Bi sample after 3.75 × 103 hours, we need to convert the time to years since the half-life of 212Bi is given in years.
First, let's convert the given time to years:
3.75 × 103 hours ÷ (24 hours/day × 365 days/year) ≈ 0.428 years
Next, we can use the decay formula to calculate the remaining mass:
remaining mass = initial mass × [tex](1/2)^{(time/half-life)}[/tex]
Plugging in the values:
remaining mass = 2.00 mg × [tex](1/2)^{(0.428/1.01)}[/tex]
Calculating the exponent:
(0.428/1.01) ≈ 0.424
Substituting the value back into the formula:
remaining mass ≈ 2.00 mg × [tex](1/2)^{0.424}[/tex]
Evaluating the expression:
remaining mass ≈ 2.00 mg × 0.594
Calculating the final mass:
remaining mass ≈ 1.188 mg ≈ 0.0546 mg (rounded to four decimal places)
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1. The common laboratory solvent chloroform is often used to purify substances dissolved in it. The vapor pressure of chloroform , CHCl3, is 173.11 mm Hg at 25 °C. In a laboratory experiment, students synthesized a new compound and found that when 19.92 grams of the compound were dissolved in 228.1 grams of chloroform, the vapor pressure of the solution was 170.63 mm Hg. The compound was also found to be nonvolatile and a non-electrolyte. What is the molecular weight of this compound? chloroform = CHCl3 = 119.40 g/mol.
MW = ? g/mol
The molecular weight of this compound chloroform = CHCl3 = 119.40 g/mol is 404.6 g/mol.
The decrease in vapor pressure of the solution compared to pure chloroform indicates that the new compound is dissolved in the solvent. The Raoult's law can be applied to determine the molecular weight of the compound. According to Raoult's law, the vapor pressure of a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
Let n be the number of moles of the new compound dissolved in the solution. Then, the mole fraction of chloroform is (228.1 g / 119.4 g/mol) / ((19.92 g / MW) + (228.1 g / 119.4 g/mol)). The vapor pressure of the solution can be calculated using the mole fraction of chloroform and the vapor pressure of pure chloroform:
170.63 mmHg = (mol fraction of CHCl3) x (173.11 mmHg)
Solving for the mole fraction of chloroform gives 0.987. Thus, the mole fraction of the new compound is 0.013.
Using the definition of mole fraction, we can calculate the number of moles of the new compound:
(19.92 g / MW) / ((19.92 g / MW) + (228.1 g / 119.4 g/mol)) = 0.013
Solving for MW gives the molecular weight of the new compound:
MW = 404.6 g/mol
Therefore, the molecular weight of the new compound is 404.6 g/mol.
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given the following reaction, how many grams of nh 3 are formed if 1.20 moles of h 2 and 0.80 moles of n 2 are reacted? 3 h 2 n 2 → 2 nh 3
13.6 grams of NH₃ are formed when 1.20 moles of H₂ and 0.80 moles of N₂ react according to the balanced equation: 3H₂ + N₂ → 2NH₃.
The reaction is: 3H₂ + N₂ → 2NH₃.To find the number of grams of NH₃ formed, we need to use stoichiometry and convert the number of moles of H₂ and N₂ to moles of NH₃, and then convert moles of NH₃ to grams.
First, we need to determine the limiting reactant. We can do this by comparing the number of moles of H₂ and N₂ to the stoichiometric ratio in the balanced chemical equation.
From the equation, we see that 3 moles of H₂ react with 1 mole of N₂ to form 2 moles of NH₃. Therefore, the number of moles of NH₃ formed will be limited by the reactant that is in shorter supply.
We can calculate the moles of NH₃ formed from each reactant as follows:
Moles of NH₃ from H₂: 1.20 mol H₂ x (2 mol NH₃ / 3 mol H₂) = 0.80 mol NH₃
Moles of NH₃ from N₂: 0.80 mol N₂ x (2 mol NH₃ / 1 mol N₂) = 1.60 mol NH₃
Since the number of moles of NH₃ formed is lower for the H₂ reactant, H₂ is the limiting reactant. Therefore, 0.80 mol NH₃ is formed.
To convert moles of NH₃ to grams, we can use the molar mass of NH₃, which is 17.03 g/mol.
Grams of NH₃ formed: 0.80 mol NH₃ x 17.03 g/mol = 13.6 g NH₃
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