The approximate bond angle of the substituents around a nitrogen atom in amines is generally around 109.5 degrees.
The bond angle in a molecule is determined by the repulsion between its electron pairs. In the case of amines, the nitrogen atom is sp3 hybridized, meaning it has four electron pairs arranged in a tetrahedral geometry. Three of these electron pairs are occupied by the substituent groups (such as hydrogen or alkyl groups), while the fourth electron pair is a lone pair on the nitrogen atom.
The repulsion between the lone pair and the three substituent groups causes a slight compression in the bond angles, leading to a bond angle of approximately 109.5 degrees. This is known as the tetrahedral angle, and is a common bond angle for sp3 hybridized atoms.
Bond angle: Approximately 109.5 degrees.
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Write the chemical formula for magnesium nitrate hexahydrate
Answer: Mg(NO₃)₂ * 6 H₂O
Explanation:
Alright, now you actually have an aqueous solution of your salt! Though perhaps not all of the salt has dissolved yet, but we'll get to that. How sure would you say you are about the concentration at this point?
a) What I've prepared is not yet an aqueous solution
b) It's not that accurate, but similar to what we need in the end
c) It's quite accurate
d) It's really inaccurate
If not all of the salt has dissolved then the measurement of the concentration at the time is really inaccurate.
What is concentration?The concentration is the amount of substance that is present in solution. We know that we can not measure the concentration unless all of the solute have been dissolved in the solution.
Thus, if not all of the salt has dissolved then the measurement of the concentration at the time is really inaccurate.
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during a neutralization reaction phosphoric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide to produce potassium phosphate and water. if the reaction occurs with 64.9% yield, what mass of potassium phosphate would be made if 13.32g of potassium hydroxide is added to excess phosphoric acid?
During a neutralization reaction phosphoric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide to produce potassium phosphate and water, the reaction occurs with a 64.9% yield.
A neutralization reaction is a chemical process in which an acid and a base combine to produce salt and water as the end products. In a neutralization process, a mixture of H+ ions and OH- ions results in the formation of water.
Potassium phosphate and water are created when potassium hydroxide and phosphoric acid combine. The reaction's balanced equation is as follows: K3PO4(aq) + 3H2O = 3KOH(aq) + H3PO4(aq) (l) If six moles of potassium hydroxide react, phosphoric acid is used in the reaction.
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The pictures represent three different states of matter.
Which order of pictures places molecules with the
most amount of motion to the least amount of motion?
OX-Y-Z
OZ Y-X
OY-Z-X
OY X-Z
Answer:
OX-Y-Z
Explanation:
its the correct answer
The correct order from the most amount of motion( Kinetic energy) to the least amount of motion is Y (gas), Z (liquid), and X (ice). The correct answer is C, Y-Z-X.
In the given sequence, the states of matter with the most amount of motion (kinetic energy) to the least amount of motion are as follows:
Y - Gas (highest kinetic energy, molecules move freely and quickly in all directions)
Z - Liquid (intermediate kinetic energy, molecules have some freedom of movement but are more closely packed than in a gas)
X - Ice (lowest kinetic energy, molecules are tightly packed and have minimal movement, as it is in a solid state)
This sequence reflects the increasing freedom of movement and mobility of molecules as they transition from a solid to a liquid to a gas state.
Thus, the correct option is C.
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Identify the negative radicals in the following substances:
i. table salt (NaCl)
ii. baking soda (NaHCO,)
iii. washing soda (Na₂CO₂)
iv. lime water (Ca(OH)₂)
The negative radicals will be [tex]Cl^-[/tex], [tex]HCO^-[/tex], [tex]CO_3^2^-[/tex], and [tex]OH^-[/tex] respectively.
What are negative radicals?They are the species that are negatively charged in ion forms.
[tex]NaCl --- > Na^+ + Cl^-[/tex]
[tex]NaHCO --- > Na^+ + HCO^-[/tex]
[tex]Na_2CO_3 --- > 2Na^+ + CO_3^2^-[/tex]
[tex]Ca(OH)_2 -- > Ca^2^+ + 2OH^-[/tex]
Thus, the negative radicals in each of the chemicals are [tex]Cl^-[/tex], [tex]HCO^-[/tex], [tex]CO_3^2^-[/tex], and [tex]OH^-[/tex] respectively.
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The negative radicals as as follows;
NaCl - Cl^-NaHCO3 - HCO3^-Na₂CO3 - CO3^2-Ca(OH)₂ - OH^-What are negative radicals?The negative radicals are the radicals that are negatively charged. Every ionic compound is composed of positively and negatively charged ions.
Let us now identify the negative radicals in the following ionic compounds;
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The enthalpy of fusion for Hg is 2.29 kJ/mol. What is the energy change when 78.0 g of Hg melts at −38.8°C?
The enthalpy of fusion for Hg is 2.29 kJ/mol. 0.89 kJ is the energy change when 78.0 g of Hg melts at −38.8°C.
What is Enthalpy of Fusion ?The amount of energy needed to change 1 mole of substance under state change at constant temperature and pressure is called enthalpy of fusion. It is also known as Latent heat of fusion. Unit of enthalpy of fusion is kJ/mol.
How to find the change in energy ?To find the change in energy use this expression:
q = n ΔH
where
q = Energy change
n = number of moles
ΔH = Molar enthalpy
Number of moles (n) = [tex]\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{78.0\ g}{200\ \text{g/mol}}[/tex]
= 0.39 mol
Now put the values in above formula we get
q = n ΔH
= 0.39 mol × 2.29 kJ/mol
= 0.89 kJ
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The enthalpy of fusion for Hg is 2.29 kJ/mol. 0.89 kJ is the energy change when 78.0 g of Hg melts at −38.8°C.
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What is the total number of pairs of electrons that one carbon atom shares?
Answer:
4
Explanation:
A carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outermost shell (2s^2p^2). All are unpaired (none share their orbital with another electron). So all four are anxious to pair with another electron. Once it has found 4 more electrons contributed from other atom(s), it will have 4 pairs of shared electrons.
Hydrogen has one lone electron. An atom of H is downright gleeful in sharing it's electron with elements such as carbon, C. Since carbon has 4 unpaied electrons, it will combine with 4 H atoms. At that point, cabon is sharing 4 electron pairs.
what addition information is needed to convert an empirical formula calculation into a molecular formula calculation?
The additional information that needed to convert empirical formula calculation into molecular formula are percentage of the elements in the compound; molar mass; and molecular mass.
What is empirical formula?The empirical formula is the chemical formula of a compound which inform the proportions or rations of the elements present in the compound but it is not represent the actual numbers or arrangement of atoms. In short, empirical formula is the smallest possible number that element present in the formula. Empiric formula can be use to determine the molecular formula calculation because it is contain an information about number of atom of each element present in the formula.
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1. Name each of the following binary compounds or ionic compounds with polyatomic ions.
a) LiBr
b)Cal2
You arrive at a crime scene and are told the body of the victim is in the 10 m deep pool. You walk over to what you are told is a 12 m in diameter, cylindrical pool. From the outside of the pool, you can see that the body looks badly burnt. Your partner says, “It looks like our victim had been burned alive and tried to put out the fire by jumping in the pool. The victim likely drowned to death.”
Something does not sit right with you though. If there was a fire, where did it start? There are no signs of combustion anywhere. You aren’t so sure and ask the crime scene investigator to run a sample of the pool water before letting anybody try to pull the body out.
The CSI comes back to you and tells you that normal pool water pH is roughly around 7.2, but the pool pH is actually highly basic at a level of 13 with a concentration of hydroxide ions at 1.0 x 10-1 mol/L. It becomes obvious to you that the body wasn’t burned before going in to the pool , but AFTER and there was no fire needed!
You order the body to be removed from the pool, but the CSI interjects, “It would be too dangerous with a pH that high. I suggest you get some vinegar from the store and pour it in to the pool before hand to drop the pH to 7. Draining the pool would take far too long and we need to examine the body as soon as possible.” She asks one of your constables to go to the store to purchase 5 – 4L jugs of vinegar (pH = 2) to pour in the pool, as she states it is enough to bring the pH to a safe level of 7.
It sounds like it could be enough vinegar based on your knowledge of acids and bases, but you want to double-check her estimate before sending your constable to the store. Verify whether or not she is correct using calculations. A diagram may help you with your calculations.
Hint 1: 1m3 = 1000L
Hint 2: Vcylinder = πr2h
Answer:
The pool cannot be neutralized with only vinegar.
Explanation:
The pool's [OH] concentration is 1.0x101mol/L. You must determine the volume of the pool in order to determine how many moles of OH there are in the solution:
r2h = V(pool)
Where h is the depth of the pool, which is equal to 10 meters, and r is the radius,
V(pool) = π (6m)
V(pool) = 2*10 = 1131 m3.
As 1m³ = 1000L
The pool holds 1131m3 x (1000L / 1m3) = 1131000L.
And the OH moles are:
The pool has 131100 moles of OH, or 1.0x101mol per liter times 1131000 liters.
The following is how H+ neutralizes OH:
OH⁻ + H⁺ → H₂O
In order to neutralize the pool, 131100 moles of H+ must be added.
H+ levels in vinegar with a pH of 2 are as follows:
[H+] = -log pH
2 = -log [H⁺]
1x10⁻²M = [H⁺]
Only 4x102 moles of [H+] make up 4L. As necessary, 131100 moles of H⁺:
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Suppose you had to titrate a solution of NaOH of unknown concentration with a solution of HCl of known concentration using phenolphthalein as an indicator. How will you determine the color change
When the system turns pink, then the end point has been attained.
What is the end point?The end point or the equivalence point is the time when the reactants have undergone transformation in accordance with the reaction equation. The reaction in this case is; HCl + NaOH -----> NaCl + H2O.
We know that phenolphthalein is colorless in acid but red in a base. The color at end point is pink. Thus, when the system turns pink, then the end point has been attained.
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It takes 38. 6 kj of energy to vaporize 1. 00 mol of ethanol (mw: 46. 07 g/mol). What will be δssys for the vaporization of 11. 0 g of ethanol at 78. 4 °c?
Answer:
9.21 kJ is the enrgy required to vaporize 11.0 grams of ethanol.
Explanation:
Energy of vaporization can be stated as 38.6 kj/mole for ethanol. ["It takes 38. 6 kj of energy to vaporize 1. 00 mol of ethanol"]
11.0 grams of ethanol is not 1 mole. Calculate the moles of ethanol by dividing t=it's mass by its molar mass:
(11.0 grams)/(46.07 g/mole) = 0.2388 moles ethanol
(0.2388 moles ethanol)*(38.6 kj/mole) = 9.21 kJ is the enrgy required to vaporize 11.0 grams of ethanol.
Given an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml / beat and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml / beat, the stroke volume (SV) would be ________.
70 ml would be the stroke volume (SV) every beat.
Given,
End Diastolic Volume(EDV) = 120 ml/beat
End Systolic Volume(ESV) = 50 ml/beat
According to the formula
Stroke volume = End Diastolic Volume(EDV) - End Systolic Volume(ESV)
Stoke volume = 120 ml/beat - 50 ml/beat
Stroke volume = 70 ml/beat
The amount of blood in the ventricles just before the heart contracts is known as end-diastolic volume.
End-systolic volume (ESV) is the amount of blood in a ventricle at the point where systole, or contraction, ends and diastole, or filling, begins.
At any time during the cardiac cycle, the ESV has the lowest blood volume in the ventricle.
The amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart with each systolic cardiac contraction is referred to as the stroke volume.
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It is always feasible that a substance will dissolve in water when:
A. Enthalpy is negative and entropy is positive.
B. Enthalpy is negative and entropy is negative.
C. Enthalpy is positive and entropy is positive.
HELP PLEASE 15 points
The free energy is always negative and the dissolution is feasible when enthalpy is negative and entropy is positive. Option A
What is dissolution of a substance in water?Water is known as the universal solvent. Water is a polar substance hence it is often used to dissolve polar substances. It has a dipole and being that there is a high degree of electronegativity difference between the oxygen and the hydrogen atoms in water, it is feasible that the degree of hydrogen bonding between the two is high.
We know that dissolution is favored when there will be an increase in entropy as a result of that, that is; if more particles will appear. Now we know that ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.
Given the equation above, it then follows that the free energy is always negative and the dissolution is feasible when enthalpy is negative and entropy is positive. Option A
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The water pressure on Mustafa as he dives is increasing at a rate of 0.9920.9920, point, 992 atmospheres (\text{atm})(atm)left parenthesis, start text, a, t, m, end text, right parenthesis per meter (\text{m})(m)left parenthesis, start text, m, end text, right parenthesis . What is the rate of increase in water pressure in atm/km
Based on the given scenario, the rate of increase in water pressure in atm/km is known to be 992 atm/km.
What is water pressure?Pressure is known to be that kind of force that is known to often pushes water via pipes.
Note that Water pressure is a tool that is often used to know or identify the flow of water from any given tap. The amount of pressure at one's tap is said to be often dependent on how high the service tank or water tower is above one's home.
Therefore since 1 atm/m = 1000 atm/km
Hence 0.992 atm/m :
= 0.992 x 1000
= 992 atm/km.
Therefore, Based on the given scenario, the rate of increase in water pressure in atm/km is known to be 992 atm/km.
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How many grams of CO2 will be produced when 8.50 g of methane react with 15.9 g of O2, according to the following reaction? CH4(g) +2 O2(g) = CO2(g) +2 H2O(g)
Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 10.93 grams of CO₂ are formed when 8.50 g of methane react with 15.9 g of O₂.
Reaction stoichiometryIn first place, the balanced reaction is:
CH₄ + 2 O₂ → CO₂ + 2 H₂O
By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:
CH₄: 1 mole O₂: 2 molesCO₂: 1 moleH₂O: 2 molesThe molar mass of the compounds is:
CH₄: 16 g/moleO₂: 32 g/moleCO₂: 44 g/moleH₂O: 18 g/moleThen, by reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:
CH₄: 1 mole ×16 g/mole= 16 gramsO₂: 2 moles ×32 g/mole= 64 gramsCO₂: 1 mole ×44 g/mole= 44 gramsH₂O: 2 moles ×18 g/mole=36 gramsLimiting reagentThe limiting reagent is one that is consumed first in its entirety, determining the amount of product in the reaction. When the limiting reagent is finished, the chemical reaction will stop.
Limiting reagent in this caseTo determine the limiting reagent, it is possible to use a simple rule of three as follows: if by stoichiometry 16 grams of CH₄ reacts with 64 grams of O₂, 8.50 grams of CH₄ reacts with how much mass of O₂?
[tex]mass of O_{2} =\frac{8.50 grams of CH_{4}x64 grams of O_{2} }{16grams of CH_{4}}[/tex]
mass of O₂= 34 grams
But 34 grams of O₂ are not available, 15.9 grams are available. Since you have less mass than you need to react with 8.50 grams of CH₄, O₂ will be the limiting reagent.
Mass of CO₂ formedThe following rule of three can be applied: if by reaction stoichiometry 64 grams of O₂ form 44 grams of CO₂, 15.9 grams of O₂ form how much mass of CO₂?
[tex]mass of CO_{2} =\frac{15.9 grams of O_{2}x44 grams of CO_{2} }{64grams of O_{2}}[/tex]
mass of CO₂= 10.93 grams
Then, 10.93 grams of CO₂ are formed when 8.50 g of methane react with 15.9 g of O₂.
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What Is the amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture; substances move from high to low?
The amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture is the concentration.
Substances move from high concentration to low concentration.
What is the amount of a substance?The amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture is known as the concentration of that substance.
The amount of solute in a specific amount of solution is how concentrated a material is.
The concentration of a substance can be expressed as molar concentration or mass concentration.
Molarity, or the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution, is the standard unit of concentration expression.
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Describe the effect of leaving the following substances in humid air
a) anhydrous copper (ii) sulphate
Answer:
the effect of leaving the following substances in humid air is
ii) sulphate
A ____________ is a planar, six-membered ring used to represent the cyclic form of glucose and other sugars.
Answer:
Haworth projection (14.3)
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brittleness is a physical property that differs from one kind of material to another. truefalse
It is true that brittleness is a physical property that differs from one kind of material to another.
Physical qualities of a substance are those that can be seen without changing the substance's identity.
If a material splits under stress with low elastic deformation and little to no substantial plastic deformation, it is considered brittle.
Brittleness is a physical property as it alters the shape of the substance but not the identity of substance.
For example - the brittleness of chalk is different than the brittleness of glass. Thus we can say that the brittleness of chalk's material is different than the brittleness of glass's material.
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How many moles of water are
in 1.23x10¹8 water molecules?
[ ? ]×10[?]
Answer:
2.04 x 10⁻⁶ moles H₂O
Explanation:
To find the moles H₂O, you need to multiply the given value by Avogadro's Number. This number is a ratio between molecules and moles, thus granting you the way to convert between both units. It is important to arrange the ratio in a way that allows for the cancellation of units. The final answer should have 3 sig figs to match the sig figs of the given value (1.23 x 10¹⁸ molecules).
Avogadro's Number:
6.022 x 10²³ molecules = 1 mole
1.23 x 10¹⁸ molecules H₂O 1 mole
--------------------------------------- x ------------------------------------- =
6.022 x 10²³ molecules
= 2.04 x 10⁻⁶ moles H₂O
A student dissolves a spoon full of table salt (sodium chloride) in a glass of water.
After the salt is completely dissolved, the major entities in the glass (other than the
water itself) are:
(select all that apply)
Sodium chloride crystals
Aqueous sodium ions
Chlorine gas
Solid sodium metal
Liquid sodium metal
Aqueous chloride ions
Answer:
Aqueous sodium ions, Aqueous chloride ions
Explanation:
Sodium chloride dissociates into Na+ and Cl- ions in water
Sodium chloride crystals may also be present in case of saturated solution
Bonds are securities that can be readily bought and sold. A bond issue consists of a number of bonds, usually in denominations of:_______
A bond issue consists of a number of bonds, usually in denominations of $1,000 and $5,000.
What are bonds and securities?The term bond refers to a sort of investment in which an individual loans money to the government or sometimes to the government in return for an interest on the investment. This interest is paid to the individual regularly as a return on his/ her investment.
Hence a bond issue consists of a number of bonds, usually in denominations of $1,000 and $5,000.
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Missing parts;
Bonds are securities that can be readily bought and sold. A bond issue consists of a number of bonds, usually in denominations of ______ or _____ and is sold to many different lenders.
Multiple choice question.
$100; $1,000
$1,000; $10,000
$500; $5,000
$1,000; $5,000
According to the following thermochemical equation, what mass of HF (in g) must react in order to produce 690 kJ of energy
3.00 ×10² g of HF.
What is thermochemical equation?A Thermochemical Equation is a balanced stoichiometric chemical equation that includes the enthalpy change, ΔH. In variable form, a thermochemical equation would look like this:
A + B → C. ΔH = (±) #
The thermochemical reaction is of two types:
Endothermic Reaction Those thermochemical reactions in which heat is absorbed. Change in enthalpy for this reaction is positive.
Exothermic Reaction Exothermic reactions are the reaction in which the heat or the energy is evolved during the reaction.
SiO2 + 4 HF(g) → SiF4(g) + 2 H20(l) ΔH®rxn=-184 kJ
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In the electrolysis of water, how long will it take to produce 165.0 L of H2 at 1.0 atm and 273 K using an electrolytic cell through which the current is 113.0 mA?
In the electrolysis of water, 3490 hour will it take to produce 165.0 L of H2 at 1.0 atm and 273 K using an electrolytic cell through which the current is 113.0 mA.
What is Ideal Gas Law ?The ideal gas law states that the pressure of gas is directly proportional to the volume and temperature of the gas.
It is expressed as
PV = nRT
where,
P = Pressure
V = Volume in liters
n = number of moles of gas
R = Ideal gas constant
T = Temperature in kelvin
Here,
P = 1.0 atm
V = 165.0 L
R = 0.0821 atm. L/mol.K (Ideal gas constant)
T = 273 K
n = ?
Now put the value in above expression, we get
PV = nRT
1.0 atm × 165.0 L = n × 0.0821 atm. L/mol.K × 273 K
165.0 atm. L = n × 22.4 atm. L/mol
[tex]n = \frac{165.0\ \text{atm. L}}{22.4\ \text{atm. L/mol}}[/tex]
n = 7.36 mol
The reaction is
2H⁺ + 2e⁻ → H₂
1 mol of electrons is produced from 96500 C
So,
[tex]96500 \frac{C}{\text{mol} \times e} \times 2e \times 7.36\ \text{mol}[/tex]
= 1,420,480 C
Convert milliampere to C/s
1mA = 0.001 C/s
113.0 mA = 113.0 × 0.001
= 0.113 c/s
What is relationship between current, charge and time ?The relation between current, charge and time is expressed as:
[tex]I = \frac{Q}{t}[/tex]
where,
I = Current
Q = Charge in Coulomb
t = time
Now put the value in above formula we get
[tex]I = \frac{Q}{t}[/tex]
[tex]= \frac{1,420,480\ C}{0.113\ C/s}[/tex]
= 12,570,619.469 s
= 3490 hour
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that In the electrolysis of water, 3490 hour will it take to produce 165.0 L of H2 at 1.0 atm and 273 K using an electrolytic cell through which the current is 113.0 mA.
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A gas sample of 2.31 atm of oxygen gas and 3.75 atm of hydrogen gas that react to form water vapor. Assume the volume of the container and the temperature inside the container does not change.
Mole fraction of Oxygen=0.381
Mole fraction of Oxygen= (range of moles of oxygen) ÷(general moles)
also, mole fraction of oxygen = (partial stress of oxygen) ÷ (total strain)
consequently , mole fraction of Oxygen= (2.31 atm)÷(2.31 atm + 3.75 atm)
= 0.381
The mole fraction may be calculated by means of dividing the variety of moles of 1 element of a solution by the entire quantity of moles of all the additives of a solution. It is cited that the sum of the mole fraction of all of the components inside the solution should be identical to 1.
Mole fraction is a unit of awareness. in the solution, the relative amount of solute and solvents are measured by way of the mole fraction and it's far represented through “X.” The mole fraction is the variety of moles of a selected aspect inside the answer divided by way of the entire range of moles in the given answer.
Mole fraction is the ratio between the moles of a constituent and the sum of moles of all ingredients in a mixture. Mass fraction is the ratio between the mass of a constituent and the full mass of a mixture.
The question is incomplete. Please read below to find the missing content.
Assuming that only the listed gases are present, what would the mole fraction of oxygen gas be for each of the following situations? A gas sample of 2.31 atm of oxygen gas and 3.75 atm of hydrogen gas react to form water vapor. Assume the volume of the container and the temperature inside the container does not change.
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What is the primary function of phosphoglycerides mentioned in this module?
Answer:
which one is isn't the one that is wrong
Explanation:
bang bang chocho train
The volume of water that must be added in order to dilute 40 ml of 9. 0 m hcl to a concentration of 6. 0 m is closest to.
The volume of water that must be add is 20 mL. Volume of water that must add is new volume after dilution minus initial volume.
How to determine the volume that must be add?As per data given:
Initial volume (V1) = 40 mL = 0.040 L
Initial molarity(C1) = 9.0 M
New molarity (C2)= 6.0 M
As we want to know to the new volume of water(V2). We have to use dilution formula where the formula is C1 x V1 = C2 x V2. So, the calculation would be:
9.0 x 0.040 = 6.0 x V2
V2 = 0.06 L
V2 = 60 mL
Since the addition water is the difference between V2 and V1:
Volume add = V2 -V1
Volume add = 60 - 40
Volume add = 20 mL
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How many moles of hcl are required to make 500 ml of a 3.0 mol/l solution of hcl?
Answer:
1.5 moles
Explanation:
To find the number of moles of HCl in 500 mL of a 3 M solution of HCl, we consider moles in 1 liter/ 1000 mL.
3 moles HCl is contained in 1000 mL
x moles is HCl is contained in 500 mL
[tex] = \frac{3 \: \times \: 500}{1000} \: moles \\ = 1.5 \: moles[/tex]
Hence the number of moles of HCl in 500 mL is 1.5 moles.
the group numbers for carbon oxygen, nitrogen and sulpher.
Answer:
Carbon: 14
Oxygen: 16
Nitrogen: 15
Sulpher: 16