What is the main idea behind the study of economics?

The answer is A. The researcher would use a two-sample t-test to compare the means of the lifespan in the two towns. The null hypothesis is that there is no significant difference between the means of the two populations.

The alternative hypothesis is that there is a significant difference between the means of the two populations. At a significance level of 0.10, the P-value of 0.076228 is less than 0.10, so we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference in lifespan for people in the two towns.
A. P-value = 0.076228; reject the null hypothesis that the means of the populations are equal.

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The amount of dividends Lambert Inc. declared and paid is $3.0 million.

The correct journal entry to record the issuance of 15,000 shares of $3 par value for $15 per share is:

Credit Common Stock $45,000 (15,000 shares x $3 par value)

Credit Additional Paid-In Capital $180,000 (15,000 shares x ($15 market price - $3 par value))

Debit Cash $225,000

Regarding the reissued share's journal entry:

Credit Treasury Stock $16,500 (1,500 shares x $20 reacquisition cost)

Debit Cash $12,100 (1,100 shares x $11 reissuance price)

Credit Additional Paid-in Capital $7,700 (plug)

To find the amount of dividends declared and paid, we need to use the following formula:

Dividends = $4.5 million - $1.5 million

Dividends = $3.0 million

Therefore, the amount of dividends Lambert Inc. declared and paid is $3.0 million

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1. Calculation of transaction price for the smartphone and unlimited talk and 5 GB data wireless plan:

The stand-alone selling prices for the smartphone and the monthly service plan are as follows:

Smartphone: $649

Monthly service plan: $65/month x 24 months = $1,560

The total stand-alone selling price for the 2-year contract would be:

$649 + $1,560 = $2,209

The transaction price for the smartphone and the monthly service plan under the 2-year contract is $299 + ($65/month x 24 months) = $1,859.

Since the total stand-alone selling price ($2,209) is greater than the transaction price ($1,859), this implies that Loud is providing a discount to the customer.

2. Recording the journal entries:

a. Initial journal entry on January 1, 2017:

Cash (or Accounts Receivable) $299

Unearned Revenue $1,560

Revenue $1,859

To record the sale of the smartphone and the 2-year contract for the unlimited talk and 5 GB data wireless plan.

b. Monthly journal entry on February 1, 2017:

Unearned Revenue $65

Revenue $65

To recognize revenue for the monthly service plan. This entry would be repeated for each month of the 2-year contract.

In conclusion, it is important for companies to properly recognize revenue according to ASC 606 guidelines to accurately reflect their financial performance and ensure compliance with accounting standards.

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The concept of opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative foregone, when choosing to pursue a certain option. In this case, the opportunity cost of producing 1 pretzel for Mark is 2 cookies, which means that for every pretzel Mark produces, he is giving up the opportunity to produce 2 cookies.

Similarly, for Jessica, the opportunity cost of producing 1 pretzel is 3 cookies. From this information, we can conclude that Mark has a lower opportunity cost of producing pretzels than Jessica. This is because for Mark, it takes only 2 cookies to produce 1 pretzel, while for Jessica, it takes 3 cookies. Therefore, if both of them were given the option to produce either pretzels or cookies, Mark would be better off producing pretzels as his opportunity cost is lower.

However, it is important to note that this information only tells us about the opportunity cost of producing pretzels for Mark and Jessica. We do not know about their actual preferences or efficiencies in producing either pretzels or cookies. It is possible that Jessica may still choose to produce pretzels despite having a higher opportunity cost, if she is more efficient at producing them than cookies.

Therefore, opportunity cost is just one factor that individuals consider when making economic decisions, and it should not be relied on solely to predict their choices.

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In a matrix organizational structure, a full-time project manager has complete project and administrative authority over the project team. The correct option is c)  a matrix organizational structure

This type of organizational structure is characterized by a dual reporting structure, where team members report to both a functional manager and a project manager. The project manager is responsible for the overall success of the project, while the functional manager is responsible for the technical expertise of their respective team members.

The project manager in a matrix structure has the authority to make decisions regarding the project, allocate resources, and set deadlines. They also have the responsibility of communicating with stakeholders and ensuring that project goals are met within the established timeline and budget.

The matrix structure allows for flexibility and collaboration, as team members can draw on the expertise of their functional manager while also working towards the goals of the project manager. However, it can also lead to conflicts between the functional and project managers, as well as confusion among team members regarding their roles and responsibilities.

Overall, the matrix structure is well-suited for complex projects that require a high level of coordination and collaboration among multiple functional areas. The full-time project manager is essential in providing leadership and ensuring that the project stays on track towards achieving its goals.

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Traders use volatility smiles for pricing options because they provide a more accurate representation of the market's expectations of future volatility than a simple, constant volatility assumption.

A volatility smile is a graphical representation of the implied volatility levels for options with the same expiration date but different strike prices. The shape of the curve is typically a smile, with implied volatility being higher for out-of-the-money (OTM) options and lower for in-the-money (ITM) options. This implies that market participants expect larger fluctuations in the price of the underlying asset for OTM options than for ITM options.

By taking into account the market's expectations of future volatility, traders can better price options and hedge their risks. If a trader uses a constant volatility assumption to price options, they may underestimate the likelihood of extreme price movements, resulting in inaccurate valuations and suboptimal hedging strategies.

Additionally, volatility smiles can provide insights into market sentiment and investor expectations. For example, a steep smile with high implied volatility levels for OTM options may indicate that market participants are particularly concerned about downside risk or that they anticipate a large price movement in the underlying asset.

In short, traders use volatility smiles for pricing options because they provide a more accurate representation of the market's expectations of future volatility and can help inform trading and hedging strategies.

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Based on the information provided about capital gains and losses of long term and short term nature, the net capital gain will equal to $2000 and of short term character.

The taxpayer has a total long-term capital gain of $15,000 and a total short-term capital gain of $11,000. They also have a long-term capital loss of $8,000 and a short-term capital loss of $16,000.

To calculate the net capital gain or loss, we first add up the long-term gains and losses: $15,000 - $8,000 = $7,000. We then add up the short-term gains and losses: $11,000 - $16,000 = ($5,000).

Next, we combine the long-term and short-term results: $7,000 + ($5,000) = $2,000. This means the taxpayer has a net capital gain of $2,000.

In terms of character, the $7,000 gain is considered a long-term capital gain, while the ($5,000) loss is considered a short-term capital loss.

The net capital gain of $2,000 will also be considered a short-term capital gain since it is the result of combining both long-term and short-term gains and losses.

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The answer is, the amount of gross profit is $254,000.

To calculate the amount of gross profit during the current year, we need to follow these steps:

1. Determine the total revenue from merchandise sales: This includes both cash sales ($53,000) and sales on account ($277,000).
2. Calculate the total revenue: Add the cash sales to the sales on account. ($53,000 + $277,000)
3. Subtract the cost of merchandise sold ($76,000) from the total revenue calculated in step 2.

So, during the current year, the merchandise is sold for $53,000 cash and for $277,000 on account. The total revenue from these sales is $53,000 + $277,000 = $330,000. The cost of merchandise sold is $76,000.

Therefore, the amount of gross profit is $330,000 - $76,000 = $254,000.

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According to researchers, the three possible outcomes of an influence attempt are: success, resistance, and acceptance.

Success occurs when the influencer is able to change the target's attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors in the desired direction. Resistance occurs when the target is able to withstand the influencer's attempts and maintains their current attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. Acceptance occurs when the target is indifferent to the influencer's attempt, neither changing nor resisting the attempted influence. The outcome of an influence attempt is influenced by various factors such as the source of the influence, the target's characteristics, and the type of influence tactics used. Understanding these factors can help individuals increase the likelihood of successful influence attempts in various settings such as the workplace, interpersonal relationships, and public speaking.

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The activity-based approach is a budgeting approach that predicts a cost objective's budget by anticipating the consumption of cost drivers. Option B is the correct answer.

Cost drivers are the activities or factors that directly influence the costs incurred in producing goods or delivering services. This approach focuses on identifying and understanding the activities that drive costs and then using this information to develop a budget. By analyzing the relationship between cost drivers and the consumption of resources, companies can allocate resources more accurately and make informed budgeting decisions.

Option B is the correct answer.

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When thinking strategically about the industry and competitive environment, several considerations should be analyzed and evaluated. One crucial consideration is market analysis.

Market analysis involves examining the size, growth rate, trends, and opportunities or threats within a specific market. By conducting market analysis, organizations gain insights into the market dynamics, competitive landscape, and potential market opportunities, enabling them to make strategic decisions and drive business growth.

Other considerations that are important for a comprehensive analysis include:

Competitor Analysis: Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of existing and potential competitors. This involves evaluating their strategies, market position, capabilities,  pricing, and marketing approaches.

Industry Analysis: Industrial analysis refers to the evaluation of the structure, competitive forces, and overall attractiveness of an industry. It involves assessing various factors that impact the industry's performance and competitiveness.

Economic Factors: Analyzing economic factors such as economic growth, inflation, interest rates, and consumer spending patterns. These factors can influence market demand, pricing strategies, and profitability.

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As a sole proprietorship, City Delivery Service is owned and operated by Beri. When Beri dies, the fate of the business will depend on how she has planned for her estate.

One possible scenario is that the business will transfer to Beri's heirs. This means that her surviving spouse, children, or other designated beneficiaries will inherit the assets and liabilities of the business, including any debts, contracts, and intellectual property. If Beri has a will or trust in place, she can specify how she wants her business to be handled after her death.

Another possibility is that the business will dissolve if there is no plan in place. In this case, the assets of the business will be sold off to pay any outstanding debts or taxes, and the remaining proceeds will be distributed according to state law. This could result in a loss of jobs for City Delivery Service employees, and the loss of a valuable service for the community.

It is important for sole proprietors like Beri to have a succession plan in place to ensure that their business can continue after their death or disability. This may involve creating a partnership or incorporating the business, designating a successor or co-owner, and setting up a buy-sell agreement or life insurance policy. By taking these steps, Beri can ensure that City Delivery Service will continue to thrive even after she is no longer able to run it herself.

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The strength of personal selling lies in its ability to provide the target audience with complex information and build credibility as the most trusted source in the consumer's mind. This is due to the personalized nature of the interaction, which allows the salesperson to tailor their message to the specific needs and interests of the individual. Although personal selling may require more seller involvement and time to prepare messages, it ultimately results in more effective communication and higher levels of customer satisfaction. Therefore, personal selling is a valuable tool for businesses looking to establish strong relationships with their customers and generate sales.

Personal selling's strength lies in the fact that it is often the most credible source in the consumer's mind.

Personal selling allows for one-on-one interaction between the salesperson and the customer, which can build trust and establish a personal connection. This trust and connection can make the sales message more credible and persuasive in the mind of the consumer. Additionally, personal selling can provide the target audience with complex information that may be difficult to convey through other marketing channels. However, it is not an efficient means for reaching large numbers of people, and preparing messages can take time and effort. Overall, the strength of personal selling lies in its ability to build relationships and establish credibility with individual consumers.

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The type of mortgage that does not require a down payment is a VA (Veterans Affairs) loan. This type of loan is available to eligible veterans, active-duty service members, and surviving spouses.

VA loans are guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs and are offered by private lenders. The no-down-payment feature of VA loans can be a significant benefit for borrowers who may not have the funds to make a traditional down payment. However, it is worth noting that VA loans may come with other fees and requirements, such as a funding fee, and borrowers will still need to meet credit and income qualifications.

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In the long run people come to expect whatever inflation rate the fed chooses to produce, so GDP returns to its natural rate. The statement is true.

Most economists concur that since output, which is typically measured by GDP, is stable over the long run, changes in the money supply only affect pricing. Changes in the money supply can, however, have an immediate impact on the production of goods and services in the near term because prices and wages typically do not respond rapidly.

This is why monetary policy, which is often implemented by central banks like the European Central Bank (ECB) or the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed), is a useful instrument for accomplishing both inflation and growth goals. For instance, during a recession, consumers cut back on their spending; business production drops, forcing companies to lay off employees and stop investing in new capacity; and interest among foreigners in the nation.

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True. Branded keywords are an effective way to attract potential customers who are already familiar with your brand. These keywords are specifically related to your brand name, product or service, and can help boost your website's visibility on search engines.

When someone searches for your brand name or a specific product, using branded keywords, it ensures that your website appears at the top of search results. This increases the chances of the potential customer clicking on your website, leading to more traffic, leads and sales. Additionally, branded keywords can also help improve your website's overall SEO performance, as search engines tend to favour websites that have a high level of brand awareness and recognition. Overall, using branded keywords is a cost-effective and targeted approach to reach your potential customers who are already interested in your brand, increasing brand visibility and driving more qualified traffic to your website.

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Peyton's Palace has a return on assets (ROA) of 15.21% for the year

To calculate Peyton's Palace return on assets (ROA) with the given information, follow these steps:

1. Determine the average total assets for the year: Add the total assets at the beginning of the year ($92 million) to the total assets at the end of the year ($100 million) and divide by 2.
  ($92 million + $100 million) / 2 = $96 million

2. Divide the net income ($14.6 million) by the average total assets ($96 million) to find the return on assets (ROA).
  $14.6 million / $96 million = 0.152083

3. Multiply the result by 100 to express it as a percentage.
  0.152083 x 100 = 15.21%

Peyton's Palace has a return on assets (ROA) of 15.21% for the year. This means that for every $1 in assets, the company generated approximately $0.1521 in net income.

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From the standpoint of promoting successful strategy execution, it is important that the firm's motivation and reward system A. accentuate positive rewards but also carry the risk of punishment for lackadaisical or indifferent effort and subpar performance.

A well-designed motivation and reward system is crucial for successful strategy execution. This system should encourage positive behavior and performance while discouraging negative behavior and performance.

Positive rewards such as bonuses, promotions, and recognition are essential to motivate employees and encourage high performance. However, it is also important to have consequences for lackadaisical or indifferent effort and subpar performance. This could include negative consequences such as reprimands, demotions, or even termination.

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Note that the difference between today PV of the cash option and annuity payout atw3.5% compound annually is: -3.803 (Option B)

The corporation will   make payments to you for the rest of your life.

The payment amount is mostly determined by life expectancy; the greater your life expectancy   the lower the payment amount.

To compute for the aove results, we used the formula

PV = C x [(1 - (1 + r)⁻ⁿ) / r]

IN this case

C = 145 million / 26 = 5.5769 million

r   = 3.5% and

n = 26

PV (annuity) = 5.5769 million x [(1 - (1 + 0.035)⁻²⁶) / 0.035]

= 94195805.536

Cashp Option  = 98 Million so

Difference =  94195805.536 - 98 Million

= -3804194.464

Thus, the the difference between today PV  of the cash option and annuity payout atw3.5% compound annually is -3.803 (Option B)

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When estimating costs, it is essential to use the appropriate method based on the project's requirements and available data. Expert judgment and analogous estimation can be useful for rough estimates, while parametric estimation, bottom-up estimation, and three-point estimation can provide more accurate results but require more time and effort.

As a High School student, you may need to estimate costs for different projects or assignments. Cost estimation is a critical part of project management, and different methods can be used to estimate costs. However, these methods differ in their level of precision, accuracy, and reliability. In general, the least precise methods are used when rough estimates are required, while the most precise methods are used when accuracy is essential.

Here are some of the cost estimation methods from the least precise to the most precise:

Expert judgment: This method relies on the opinion of experts who have experience in a particular field. It is the least precise method because it is based on subjective judgments rather than quantitative data.

Analogous estimation: This method involves comparing the cost of a current project with the cost of a similar project completed in the past. The similarity could be in terms of scope, complexity, or other factors. This method is more precise than expert judgment, but it still relies on subjective judgment.

Parametric estimation: This method involves using statistical data and mathematical models to estimate costs. This method is more precise than analogous estimation because it is based on objective data. However, it requires a significant amount of data to be accurate.

Bottom-up estimation: This method involves breaking down a project into smaller components and estimating the cost of each component. This method is more precise than the previous methods because it involves a detailed analysis of each component's cost. However, it is also more time-consuming.

Three-point estimation: This method involves using three estimates for each cost item: a best-case estimate, a worst-case estimate, and a most likely estimate. This method is more precise than the previous methods because it accounts for uncertainty and risk.

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The correct term to describe McDonald's, Sonic, Burger King, and Kentucky Fried Chicken is a "franchise."

These companies operate under a franchise model, where individual franchisees operate outlets using the franchisor's business name, branding, and standardized methods of operation. Franchisees follow the franchisor's established business model and adhere to its standards and guidelines.

McDonald's, Sonic, Burger King, and Kentucky Fried Chicken are all examples of franchises. Franchising is a business arrangement where the franchisor grants the rights to use its brand, trademarks, and business model to independent business owners known as franchisees. The franchisees operate their businesses under the franchisor's established system and guidelines, maintaining consistency in branding, operations, and customer experience across different locations. Franchising allows for the expansion of a brand and the distribution of products or services through a network of independently-owned and operated businesses.

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In the income statement of Intramural Sports Club, it reports a gross profit of $143,000.

The gross profit is an important financial metric for any business. It represents the difference between the revenue earned by the company and the cost of goods sold (COGS). It indicates how much money the company has left after deducting the cost of goods sold, which can be used to cover operating expenses and generate net profit.

To calculate the gross profit, we need to determine the cost of goods sold. The COGS is the direct cost associated with the production or acquisition of the goods that are sold by the company during a particular period. It includes the cost of raw materials, labor, manufacturing overhead, and any other direct costs associated with the production of goods.

To calculate the gross profit, we need to first find the cost of goods sold (COGS). We can use the inventory turnover ratio to find the COGS as follows:

1. Calculate Cost of Goods Sold (COGS):

Since the inventory turnover ratio is given, we can use it along with the average inventory to find the COGS.

[tex]Inventory turnover ratio=\frac{COGS}{Average inventory}[/tex]

2. Average inventory:

We know that the inventory turnover ratio for the year is 3.3, and we have been given the information that the inventory at the beginning and end of the year is $170,000 each. Therefore, the average inventory for the year is ($170,000 + $170,000) / 2 = $170,000.

3. Calculate COGS:

Using the inventory turnover ratio formula, we can calculate the cost of goods sold (COGS) as follows:

Inventory turnover ratio = COGS / Average Inventory
3.3 = COGS / $170,000

COGS = 3.3 x $170,000

COGS = $561,000

4. Calculate Gross Profit: Now that we have the COGS, we can calculate the gross profit using the sales revenue.
Gross Profit = Sales Revenue - COGS
Gross Profit = $704,000 (Sales Revenue) - $561,000 (COGS)
Gross Profit = $143,000

Therefore, the Intramural Sports Club reports a gross profit of $143,000 in its income statement. This means that after deducting the cost of goods sold from the sales revenue, the company has generated $143,000 to cover its operating expenses and generate net profit.

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Scenarios are a multifaceted tool that combines elements of: forecasting, storytelling, and consulting services. The answer is all of the above.

1. Forecasts of the future: Scenarios often involve predicting possible outcomes based on current trends and available data. This helps organizations and individuals plan for potential future situations and make informed decisions.

2. Stories about what might happen: Scenarios are not just about numbers and data, but also about crafting narratives that illustrate various possibilities. These narratives can help people visualize different potential futures and better understand the implications of their decisions.

3. A way for consultants to make money: Scenarios can be a valuable tool for consultants who provide strategic advice to clients. By offering scenario planning services, consultants can help organizations explore different options, mitigate risks, and make better decisions, thereby generating revenue for themselves.

In summary, scenarios are a multifaceted tool that combines elements of forecasting, storytelling, and consulting services to help individuals and organizations plan for an uncertain future. The answer is all of the above.

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Complete question:

scenarios can be considered...

a. forecasts of the future

b. stories about what might happen

c. a way for consultants to make money

An agreement to murder Joe Smith is an example of a void contract. The correct option is b.

A void contract is one that is not legally binding and therefore has no legal effect. This is because the object of the contract is either illegal or against public policy. In this case, the object of the contract is to commit a crime, which is illegal and against public policy. It is important to note that void contracts are different from voidable contracts. Voidable contracts are those that can be legally avoided or cancelled by one of the parties involved due to certain circumstances, such as lack of capacity or undue influence.

However, a void contract cannot be enforced by law, and any attempt to do so would be considered illegal. In conclusion, an agreement to murder Joe Smith is not only a void contract, but it is also a criminal offense that carries severe consequences. It is important to understand the legal implications of any contract before entering into it, as illegal contracts can result in criminal charges and harm to all parties involved. The correct option is b.

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The accounts receivable turnover and  average collection period by using the data of general entries is equal to 3.99  and 91.5 (rounded to 1 decimal place).

To record each of the five transactions related to receivables, the following journal entries can be made,

Sales on account,

Accounts Receivable 3,060,000

Sales 3,060,000

Sales returns and allowances,

Sales Returns and Allowances 50,000

Accounts Receivable 50,000

Collections of accounts receivable,

Cash 2,760,000

Accounts Receivable 2,760,000

Write-offs of accounts receivable deemed uncollectible,

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 42,000

Accounts Receivable 42,000

Recovery of bad debts previously written off as uncollectible,

Accounts Receivable 20,000

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 20,000

Next, let's calculate the balances in the Accounts Receivable

And Allowance for Doubtful Accounts accounts as of January 1, 2022, after posting the above entries,

Accounts Receivable balance,

Beginning balance= $640,000

Sales on account = +$3,060,000

Sales returns and allowances = -$50,000

Collections of accounts receivable = -$2,760,000

Write-offs of accounts receivable = -$42,000

Recovery of bad debts = +$20,000

Ending balance in Accounts Receivable

= $640,000 + $3,060,000 - $50,000 - $2,760,000 - $42,000 + $20,000 = $868,000

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts balance,

Beginning balance= $41,000

Write-offs of accounts receivable = +$42,000

Recovery of bad debts = -$20,000

Ending balance in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

= $41,000 + $42,000 - $20,000

= $63,000

To record the bad debt expense for 2022, assuming estimated bad debts are $47,000,

Bad Debt Expense 47,000

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 47,000

To compute the accounts receivable turnover, we need the average accounts receivable for the period.

Assuming the only balances in Accounts Receivable are beginning and ending balances, average accounts receivable is,

= (Beginning balance + Ending balance) / 2

= ($640,000 + $868,000) / 2

= $754,000

Accounts Receivable turnover

= Net Credit Sales / Average Accounts Receivable,

Net Credit Sales

= Sales on account - Sales returns and allowances

= $3,060,000 - $50,000

= $3,010,000

Accounts Receivable turnover

= $3,010,000 / $754,000

≈ 3.99 (rounded to 1 decimal place)

To compute the average collection period,

Average Collection Period

= 365 days / Accounts Receivable turnover

= 365 days / 3.99

≈ 91.5 (rounded to 1 decimal place)

Therefore, the accounts receivable turnover and  average collection period is equal to 3.99  and 91.5 (rounded to 1 decimal place).

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In order to get the most risk reduction through diversification, you would seek to add assets to the portfolio that have a low or negative correlation with other assets in the portfolio. The correct option is D.

This means that the assets should not move in the same direction at the same time.

If assets in the portfolio have a high positive correlation, they tend to move in the same direction, which increases the overall risk of the portfolio.

Conversely, assets with a negative correlation move in opposite directions, which can reduce the overall risk of the portfolio. A zero correlation means that the assets are not related, which can also be beneficial for diversification purposes.

However, it is important to note that there are no guarantees with diversification, as all investments carry some level of risk.

It is important to carefully analyze and monitor the portfolio to ensure it aligns with the individual's investment goals and risk tolerance. Therefore, the correct option is D.

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A unit contribution margin measures the difference between the price of a unit of product or service and its variable cost. The correct option is A.

Variable cost refers to the costs that vary with the level of production, such as direct materials, direct labor, and variable overhead. The unit contribution margin is a crucial metric for businesses as it shows the amount of money that each unit of product contributes to cover the fixed costs and generate profits. In other words, it measures the extent to which the sale of each unit contributes towards the fixed costs of the business.

By subtracting the variable cost from the price of a unit, businesses can determine the contribution margin, which is the amount that goes towards covering fixed costs and generating profits. For instance, if the price of a product is $20, and the variable cost per unit is $10, the contribution margin will be $10. This means that for every unit sold, $10 will go towards covering the fixed costs of the business and generating profits.

Knowing the unit contribution margin is crucial for businesses as it helps them to determine the breakeven point, the sales volume at which the business covers all its costs and begins to generate profits. The unit contribution margin is also useful in making pricing decisions, as it helps businesses to set prices that cover their variable costs and generate profits.

By maximizing the unit contribution margin, businesses can increase their profitability and ensure long-term sustainability. The correct option is A.

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Complete question:

A unit contribution margin measures: ____________

a. The difference between price and variable cost per unit

b. The difference between sales and cost of goods sold on a unit basis

c. The difference between unit sales and total costs per unit

d. The percentage difference between sales and cost of goods sold

To calculate the net present value (NPV) of the project under leverage, we need to discount the incremental after-tax cash flows at the appropriate cost of capital. Let's calculate the NPV step by step:

Levered Cost of Equity = Unlevered Cost of Equity * (1 + (1 - Tax Rate) * (Debt / Equity))

Levered Cost of Equity = 0.38 * (1 + (1 - 0.6) * (24000 / 1000))

Levered Cost of Equity = 0.38 * (1 + 0.4 * 24)

Levered Cost of Equity = 0.38 * (1 + 9.6)

Levered Cost of Equity = 0.38 * 10.6

Levered Cost of Equity = 4.028

PV = (Cash Flow / (1 + Levered Cost of Equity))^Period

PV of Year 0 Cash Flow = (-1000 / (1 + 4.028))^0

PV of Year 0 Cash Flow = -1000

PV of Year 1 Cash Flow = (305 / (1 + 4.028))^1

PV of Year 1 Cash Flow = 293.563

PV of Year 2 Cash Flow = (610 / (1 + 4.028))^2

PV of Year 2 Cash Flow = 532.826

PV of Year 3 Cash Flow = (555 / (1 + 4.028))^3

PV of Year 3 Cash Flow = 444.313

PV of Year 4 Cash Flow = (500 / (1 + 4.028))^4

PV of Year 4 Cash Flow = 369.258

PV of Interest Tax Shield = (Interest * Tax Rate) * ((1 - (1 / (1 + Interest)^Period)) / (1 - (1 / (1 + Interest))))

PV of Interest Tax Shield = (24000 * 0.11) * ((1 - (1 / (1 + 0.11)^4)) / (1 - (1 / (1 + 0.11))))

PV of Interest Tax Shield = 2640 * ((1 - (1 / 1.4641)) / (1 - 0.8227))

PV of Interest Tax Shield = 2640 * (0.3173 / 0.1773)

PV of Interest Tax Shield = 4728.614

Total PV of Cash Flows = PV of Year 0 Cash Flow + PV of Year 1 Cash Flow + PV of Year 2 Cash Flow + PV of Year 3 Cash Flow + PV of Year 4 Cash Flow + PV of Interest Tax Shield

Total PV of Cash Flows = -1000 + 293.563 + 532.826 + 444.313 + 369.258 + 4728.614

Total PV of Cash Flows = 5369.574

NPV = Total PV of Cash Flows - Initial Investment

NPV = 5369.574 - 1000

NPV = 4369.574

The NPV of the project under leverage is $4,369.574. Since the NPV is positive, the project should be accepted.

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Its ending Retained Earnings balance is $3305. The correct answer is option b.

Beginning Retained Earnings + Net Income/Loss - Dividends = Ending Retained Earnings.
First, we need to note that the Net Loss is a negative amount, as it represents a decrease in earnings. So, we can write the formula as:
$4100 (Beginning Retained Earnings) - $260 (Net Loss) - $265 (Cash Dividends Declared) - $270 (Stock Dividends Declared) = Ending Retained Earnings
Simplifying the formula, we get:
$4100 - $795 = Ending Retained Earnings

Therefore, the ending Retained Earnings balance for Splish Brothers Inc. is: $3305 .This means that the company's earnings decreased by $260 due to the net loss, and they also paid out $265 in cash dividends and $270 in stock dividends, leaving them with a lower ending Retained Earnings balance than they began with. The correct answer is option b.

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The strategy with the least economies of scale would typically tend to be of the form of focused differentiation or focused low cost.  Economies of scale are achieved when a company is able to produce goods or services at a lower cost per unit due to increased production volume.

Focused differentiation strategies involve targeting a specific niche market with a unique product or service, which limits the potential for economies of scale. This is because the production volume is limited to a smaller customer base, and the costs of producing unique products or services cannot be spread across a larger customer base. Similarly, focused low-cost strategies aim to serve a specific niche market with low-priced products or services, which also limits the potential for economies of scale. While broad differentiation and broad cost leadership strategies may have the potential for greater economies of scale due to larger production volumes and wider customer bases, they also require higher investments in research and development, marketing, and production processes, which can limit their profitability. Overall, companies must carefully evaluate their market and product offerings to determine which strategy will be most effective in achieving their business goals while minimizing costs.

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