If the repeat sequence of telomere changes from 3’-cccaau-5’ to 3’-ucaggacg-5’ due to any mutation in TERC gene then the telomerase enzyme will be unable to attach to the 3' overhung of the telomere sequence and cannot elongate new DNA strand [telomeric part]. As a result, the telomeres of chromosomes cannot be elongated and the entire chromosome or the cell will be lost after a few rounds of division.
Telomere: They are short repeating sequences found at the end of the chromosome whose function is to save the chromosomes from degradation. But after each round of replication, the length of the telomeres becomes shorter than the previous and after a certain number of cell divisions, the telomeres become so short that they trigger the cell to stop dividing or to self-destruct (undergo apoptosis).
So, to prevent the shortening of telomeres, the TERC gene codes a telomerase enzyme which is a type of reverse transcriptase made up of two components: an RNA part that is complementary to the repeated telomeric sequence and a protein part that can add the nucleotides to the 3' end of the telomere.
After every cell division, the telomerase enzyme gets attached to the 3' end of the shortened telomere end and synthesizes the complementary DNA to the RNA part of the enzyme until the length of the telomere is restored again.
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Which answer correctly compares the primary transcript in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell with the functional mRNA
The size of the primary transcript in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell is longer than the size of the functional mRNA.
The primary mRNA transcript present in the nucleus is obtained from DNA template sequence transcription. The primary transcript is said to be inactive due to the presence of some non-functional regions (introns) within.
To obtain a functional mRNA from the primary transcript, introns are spliced or removed from the primary transcript with the help of RNA alternative splicing. This leads to the joining of the functional segments (exons) in the mRNA transcript. This joint segment of exons is the modified active form of primary transcript known as the functional mRNA, which is comparatively shorter in length.
Hence, we can conclude that the size of the functional mRNA is shorter than the primary transcript in a eukaryotic cell.
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Plants known as Angiosperms first appeared in the Cretaceous and are characterized as having ____________.
Carbohydrate residues attached to the membrane lipids are: Carbohydrate residues attached to the membrane lipids are: always positioned on the intracellular side of the membrane. always positioned on the inside center of the bilayer. always positioned on the extracellular side of the membrane. always positioned equally on both sides of the membrane. also covalently attached to membrane proteins.
Carbohydrate residues attached to the membrane lipids are always positioned on the extracellular side of the membrane
Carbohydrates are significant parts of the cell membrane, present just on the external surface of the plasma layer, and are appended to proteins, framing glycoproteins, or lipids, and framing glycolipids. These carbohydrate chains might comprise 2-60 monosaccharide units and can be either straight or branched.
The carbohydrates of the membrane are engaged with cell bond and acknowledgment and go about as a physical barrier. Enormous, uncharged particles, for example, glucose can't diffuse through the membrane.
These carbohydrates structure particular cell markers, that permit cells to perceive one another. These markers are vital in the resistant framework, permitting safe cells to separate between body cells, which they shouldn't assault, and unfamiliar cells or tissues, which they ought to.
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The transformation of a human from one to several billion cells requires the process of?
The transformation of a human from one to several billion cells requires the process of mitosis. Mitosis helps in growth and repair by producing more number of identical cells.
Mitosis helps in genetic stability through spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), the main checkpoint in mitosis, it becomes active and keeps acting until each chromosome is properly attached to the mitotic spindle, ensuring faithful segregation of the chromosomes. Mitosis is primarily involved in the division of the parent cell to produce two identical daughter cells. Mitosis divides the nucleus of the cell along with its chromosomes into two daughter cell nuclei, each inheriting the same chromosome number as its parent cell. It is primarily involved in growth.
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Iii. describe two or more environmental problems and tell what can be done to help solve them. first write and then record five sentences.
Two environmental problems are- pollution and deforestation.
The environment is at the mercy of human beings and has suffered at the hands of the human clan, which has led to its destruction at a massive level. The two main problems of the environment are pollution and deforestation.
Pollution- There are several types of pollution that are responsible for deterioration of the environment. The four main types of pollution are air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution and noise pollution. Pollution can be tackled by controlling the release of pollutants. For air pollution, fossil fuels like petrol can be replaced by natural fuels like CNG, dumping of industrial wastes should be treated and minimized before their release in water bodies and toxic fertilizers should be avoided to minimize soil pollution.Deforestation- The primary solution for this problem is to find ways and spots to plant new trees in abundance. Also illegal felling of trees and clearing lands should be made into a punishable offence.Learn more about pollution here-
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We used the enzyme, taq polymerase, which is derived from the thermus aquaticus bacterium, in our pcr procedure. Why is this enzyme important for efficiency in pcr?.
The PCR amplification process most frequently employs an enzyme known as Taq DNA polymerase.
Taq Polymerase, or Taq DNA polymerase, is a biological catalyst that helps nucleotides join together to form DNA. Taq polymerase is a protein that is 832-amino acids long and has a molecular weight of 94 kilodaltons. It is a homolog of the Pol I DNA polymerase that is found in Escherichia coli (E.coli) (approx). This enzyme can withstand temperatures up to 95 degrees Celsius for 40 minutes before reaching its half-life. At the ideal temperature of 72 degrees Celsius, the rate of nucleotide incorporation ranges from two to four kilobases per minute.
Polymerase chain reaction operates at a very high temperature. At this temperature, Taq polymerase is able to carry out its function efficiently.
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During the alarm stage of the body’s stress response, what emergency hormone is released to prepare the body to respond to a stressor?.
Answer:
Adrenaline
Explanation:
Adrenaline is a hormone that prepares the body for "fight or flight"
Arrange the steps of phagocytosis in the correct order: A. Phagosome B. Physical Contact C. Digestion D. Phagolysosome E. Outflowing of Cytoplasm F. Excretion
The steps of phagocytosis in the correct order: B. Physical Contact A. Phagosome C. Digestion D. Phagolysosome E. Outflowing of Cytoplasm F. Excretion
What is phagocytosis?Phagocytosis is a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells.An amoeba or other free-living single cell could make up the phagocyte, or it could be one of the body's cells like a white blood cell.
The steps of phagocytosis:Chemotaxis
- movement in response to chemical stimulation
- pseudopods move toward microorganisms at the site of infection
Adherence
- attachment to a microbe
Ingestion
- engulfing pathogen with pseudopodia wrapping around pathogen
- pathogen is placed into a vesicle (phagosome) that contains lysozyme
Digestion
- phagosome maturation
- lysozyme merges w/phagosome>releases digestive enzymes>becomes a phagolysosome
- microbes are usually killed at this point
Elimination
- phagocytes eliminate the remaining pieces of microbe via exocytosis
- some components are saved to alert the immune system if the pathogen were to try and invade again.
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A scientist completes a new investigation and announces that she has developed a new theory. Which of the following statements is most likely true about her investigation?
She discovered a law of science.
She has consensus on a new theory.
She will not need to repeat the experiment.
She may have solved a problem, but more data is needed.
it may be B C or D
The statement 'She may have solved a problem, but more data is needed' is most likely true about her investigation.
What is a scientific theory?A scientific theory is a well-sustained body of knowledge obtained by observing the real world, collecting empirical evidence and applying the scientific method.
The scientific method represents the procedure to test hypotheses that eventually generate a predictive body of knowledge which we call scientific theory.
The scientific theories generally are tested and confirmed repeated times by using different bodies of data and scientific evidence.
In conclusion, the statement 'she may have solved a problem, but more data is needed' is true about her investigation.
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Unicorns can either have straight horns (h), which are dominant, or crooked horns (h). a heterozygous straight-horned unicorn mates with a crooked-horn unicorn. 1) what mode of inheritance is happening here?
The mode of inheritance happening in horns trait is complete dominance.
What is complete dominance?Complete dominance is a type of genetic inheritance pattern where one allele is expressed in heterozygous individuals.
The allele that is expressed is called dominant allele and the allele whose expression is masked is known as recessive.
In conclusion, the mode of inheritance is complete dominance.
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Including the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA, how many NADH, FADH2, ATP, and GTP molecules are produced during the kreb’s cycle?
Similar to the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, each pyruvate molecule loses a carbon atom with the release of carbon dioxide. During the decomposition of pyruvate, electrons move to NAD + to produce NADH. It is used by cells to produce ATP.
NADH: Three molecules are produced in the Kleb circuitFADH2: One molecule is produced in the Kleb circuitATP or GTP: From each molecule of pyruvate during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid Two molecules of ATP are produced. The presence of the enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase.Learn more about conversion of pyruvate here:https://brainly.com/question/4198225
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What property of carbon makes it able to form large macromolecules?
O Carbon can form five or more bonds with other carbon atoms in chains and rings.
O Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.
O Carbon can form three triple bonds, two double bonds, or one single bond with other carbon atoms.
O Carbon can form hydrogen bonds between molecules to make larger molecules.
B: Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.
What is the primary advantage of noneugenol periodontal surgical dressing over periodontal surgical dressing that does contain eugenol?
Some people may develop redness and burning discomfort in the vicinity of the bandage if they are allergic to eugenol.
In order to lower the danger of surgery site infection and bleeding, speed up wound healing, and lessen patients' pain and discomfort, periodontal dressings were devised.The ability of eugenol-based dressings to numb pain and make sites less sensitive made them popular in the past, especially after gingivectomy. Based on its antibacterial qualities, zinc oxide-eugenol dressings appeared to prevent or delay bacterial development. However, it was discovered that eugenol irritated oral mucosal tissues, caused allergic reactions, and caused tissue necrosis, especially in bone, which slowed the healing process. Thus, noneugenol periodontal surgical dressing are preferred.learn more about eugenol here: https://brainly.com/question/17092785
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Advances in Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation to Restore Function after Spinal Cord Injury: History and Systematic Review.
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS), and more especially epidural SCS (eSCS), was first created to treat chronic pain and has been described since 1967. It includes the surgical insertion of a tiny array of electrodes into the epidural region.
Abstract:Recent research has identified epidural spinal cord stimulation (eSCS) as a viable treatment for chronic spinal cord damage (SCI). It has been demonstrated that eSCS can find undiscovered routes in the injured spinal cord. The main conclusions that have been drawn so far about the application of eSCS in SCI are summarized in this review. Utilizing the reference lists from the included papers as well as the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science, searches were conducted. Studies looking into the application of eSCS to enable volitional movement and to reestablish autonomic function in SCI patients were found using a combination of medical subject heading terms and keywords.
In order to prevent pain signals from flowing from your spine to your brain, an epidural anesthesia injection works by injecting an anesthetic into the epidural area around your spine.
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acd is the answer to this multiple choice question
Answer:
where is the question?
Explanation:
Environmentalists are monitoring an area of tropical forest. They made the following graph to predict the effect of deforestation on this area over the next 20 years. What would a graph of carbon dioxide absorption look like for this forested area
A line that is decreasing would be a graph of carbon dioxide absorption for this forested area.
Environmentalists made the graph to predict the effect of deforestation on this area over the next 20 years. Due to deforestation, the number of trees will be decreased and hence the carbon dioxide absorption also decreases.
Photosynthesis is the process through which plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, combine it with water and light, and produce carbohydrates.
It is commonly known that the rate of photosynthesis rises as atmospheric CO₂ levels rise.
But if the number of trees decreases, then there will be less photosynthesis and that's why carbon dioxide absorption also decreases.
Hence, A line that is decreasing would be a graph of carbon dioxide absorption for this forested area.
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Some proteins in the ______ use the energy of the electrons donated by nadh and fadh2 to pump protons (h ) into the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion.
Some proteins in the electron transport chain use the energy of the electrons donated by nadh and fadh2 to pump protons (h ) into the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion.
Electron transport chain means a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions which usually creates an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation
What are proteins?Proteins simply refers to those nitrogenous organic compounds or substances which have large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids
So therefore, some proteins in the electron transport chain use the energy of the electrons donated by nadh and fadh2 to pump protons (h ) into the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion
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Floridation of drinking water helped to reduce water-borne infections like cholera and typhoid in the United States. True False
The given statement that Fluoridation of drinking water helped to reduce water-borne infections like cholera and typhoid in the United States holds true
What is Fluoridation of water?Fluoridation is the carefully regulated addition of fluoride to a public water supply with the sole purpose of lowering tooth decay. Fluoride is added to or naturally occurs in fluoridated water at a level that is beneficial for preventing cavities. Fluoridated water affects dental surfaces in two ways: in the mouth, it produces small amounts of fluoride in saliva, which slows down the demineralization of tooth enamel and speeds up its remineralization in the early stages of cavities. In the United States, adding a fluoride substance to drinking water typically costs $1.17 per person per year.
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How might this factory affect the carbon and water cycle? a photo shows smoke coming out from industrial chimneys against the backdrop of a clear morning sky. the factory can affect the carbon cycle by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. because carbon dioxide is a , it can trap the sun’s heat in the atmosphere. because the factory is made of concrete, it may deplete groundwater levels over time by not allowing water to .
The factory might affect the carbon and water cycle by:
Greenhouse gas and infiltrate.What is Greenhouse gas?
A greenhouse gas is a gas that reflects heat in all directions while absorbing infrared radiation (IR).
The atmosphere of the earth contains greenhouse gases, which absorb solar IR and then emit it.
Along with heat from the sun that has entered the atmosphere, some of the heat emitted makes it to the earth.
What is the Carbon Cycle?
The continual flow or movement of inorganic and organic carbon molecules and compounds in the atmosphere and other parts of the globe is known as the carbon cycle.
What is the role of carbon in nature?One of the greenhouse gas's components, carbon dioxide, is what causes the planet's temperature to rise and cause global warming. They significantly trap solar heat, warming the planet's atmosphere.
Because greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen keep the planet's temperature stable, they contribute significantly to global warming.
Hence, the correct answers are:
Greenhouse gas and infiltrate.Learn more about greenhouse gas:
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Answer:
Shortened answer:
1. Greenhouse Gas
2. Infiltrate
Explanation:
Hope it helped
Write some advantages of molecular formla of compounds
The molecular formula of an organic compound indicates the number of atoms of each element that make up a molecule of the substance and the proportion between them.
What is the molecular formula?The molecular formula indicates the actual number of atoms of each type of chemical element that appears in the molecule. For example, the molecular formula for water is H2O, which means that in every water molecule there are two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom.
With this information, we can conclude that the number of atoms of each element that make up a molecule of the substance and the proportion between them is called molecular formula
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Which documents have phi on them. select all that apply: a. student brain/report sheet c. nor d. assignment sheet
The documents have phi on them is student brain/report sheet. The correct option is a.
What is PHI?According to U.S. law, protected health information is any data about a person's health status, the delivery of healthcare, or payment for healthcare that was generated or gathered by a covered entity.
Protected health information is referred to as PHI. The HIPAA Privacy Rule grants patients a range of rights with regard to personal health information kept by covered companies and offers federal protections for that information.
Any information in a medical file or other designated record set that can be used to uniquely identify a person is considered protected health information (PHI). Student report sheet and student brain are both included in the publications.
Thus, the correct option is a.
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"Grasslands have about half the productivity of tropical rainforests, yet this is achieved with less than a tenth of the biomass (grasslands are more productive per unit of biomass). Suggest how this greater efficiency is achieved."
Grasslands achieve more productivity than tropical rainforests because there is less competition for space and sunlight.
What is primary productivity?Primary productivity refers to the process which results dues to the photosynthetic activity of the plants. Primary productivity determines biomass.
Grasslands are able to achieve more productivity than tropical rainforests because there is less competition for space and sunlight.
In conclusion, the more the competition for space and sunlight, the less the productivity.
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How much total atp can be created by the complete anaerobic & aerobic metabolism of 1 molecule of glucose?
38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and approaches that take vicinity in the cells of organisms to convert chemical strength from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing strength.
Respiration is one of the key approaches a cellular releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. The general reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, some of which might be redox reactions. Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion response, it's far an unusual one because of the slow, managed release of strength from the series of reactions.
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Which of the following best describes a population?
All of the seagulls that live along the coast would best describe a population.
What is a population?A biological population refers to a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at a particular time.
In other words, there can be more than one population of organisms in an area if more than one species of organisms occupy that area.
Thus, seagulls represent a species of organism. All of the seagulls living in an area will, therefore, constitute a population of seagulls.
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. some species of hummingbirds have different shapes of beaks that evolved to allow them to drink from certain flowers. the flower species have evolved to produce nectar that is tasty for the hummingbirds. this example is a type of . cuckoos lay eggs in the nests of other birds. the cuckoo lays eggs identical to the eggs of the host species, so the other bird takes care of it. this is an example of .
There are different types of interactions among species, like 1) coevolution and 2) parasitism.
What are coevolution and parasitism?
Coevolution → relationship between two species that interact and adapt to each other. Occurs a reciprocal genetic change due to selective pressures that each species imposes on the other.
Parasitism → interaction between species in which one of them is beneficiated, while the other suffers a consequence, reducing its fitness. These interactions are mainly about nutrition.
1) hummingbirds-flowers: Coevolution
2) cuckoos-other birds: Parasitism
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Describe the difference in gland structure between a salivary and a mammary gland.
The salivary glands and the mammary glands differ in structure on the basis of their basal epithelial cells.
The salivary glands have branched ducts which open in oral cavity. They also have saliva secreting glandular secretory end pieces called acini. The mammary glands contain alveoli which are lined by epithelial cells that secrete milk. The alveoli group together to form structures known as lobules each of which has a lactiferous duct.
In both these glands, the epithelium gets arranged into alveoli but in salivary glands, a single basal epithelial cell happens to cover the top of each alveolus but in the mammary glands, a number of basal epithelial cells are draped over each alveolus.
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What is the role of TNF family members in the development of peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs.
TNF paly an very important role in the growth of the primary and the secondary lymphoid organs.
What is the role of TNF family members in the development of peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs?The growth of lymphoid tissue in the gut is fueled by TNFa. Because TNF/Rorc(gt)/ mice, who express higher amounts of TNF but lack RORgt+ LTi cells, also generate lymphoid tissue in sites of inflammation, the development of this ectopic lymphoid tissue was not contingent on the presence of conventional RORgt+ LTi cells. Surprisingly, these animals produced a number of lymph nodes that resembled those of wild type animals in both structure and function. When stromal cells were activated during the late stages of embryogenesis and when an organ genic pathway that permitted the formation of lymph nodes was activated, TNF generation by F4/80+ myeloid cells located inside the anlagen was crucial.
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Involuntary nerves that stimulate the body in times of stress and crisis are __________ nerves.
A broken neck leading to a severed spinal cord will completely block brain control of which systems responsible for maintaining body homeostasis?
Answer:
Sympathetic nervous system
A student camping in a wilderness area where Rocky Mountain spotted fever is endemic discovers a tick on her leg. She easily removed it because it had just attached to her leg. What is her risk for contracting RMSF
The risk of contracting RMSF is very low, because Rickettsia is activated only after hours of feeding.
What is Rock Mountain Spotted Fever?A tick bite can transmit the bacterial sickness known as Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). It results in nausea, vomiting, a spike in temperature of 102 to 103°F, headache, abdominal pain, rash, and aches and pains.
In the US, RMSF is regarded as the most dangerous infection transmitted by ticks. Even though the infection can be properly treated with antibiotics, delaying treatment might result in catastrophic harm to internal organs or even death. By avoiding tick bites or quickly removing a tick that has already bit you, you can lower your risk.
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