AP Biology - If 72 out of 200 individuals....(pic is attached) - worth 25 points!
Answer:
A.) 48%
Explanation:
AA = dominant genotype
Aa = heterozygous genotype
aa = recessive genotype
Hardy-Weinberg Equations:
p² + 2pq + q² = 1 p + q = 1
In this equation, In this equation,
-----> p² = frequency of "AA" -----> p = frequency of "A"
-----> 2pq = frequency of "Aa" -----> q = frequency of "a"
-----> q² = frequency of "aa"
(Step 1)
Determine the frequency of the recessive allele ("a").
72 / 200 = 0.36 recessive phenotype
The only way to have the recessive phenotype is to have the recessive genotype, aa. Therefore, q² = 0.36.
If q² = 0.36, then q = 0.6 (take the square root).
(Step 2)
Determine the frequency of the dominant allele ("A").
p + q = 1
p + 0.6 = 1
p = 0.4
(Step 3)
Determine the frequency of the heterozygous genotype ("Aa").
If -----> p = 0.4 and q = 0.6
Then -------> 2pq = 2(0.4)(0.6) = 0.48
0.48 x 100% = 48% Aa
There are a number of substances that the cell can use for energy in addition to carbohydrates. Proteins can be hydrolyzed to (1) ____________________ and then have the nitrogen group removed in a process called ____________________. Depending on the type of molecule in the (1) they will feed into either the end of glycolysis as ____________________ or feed into the ____________________. Lipids and fats are broken down into (2) ____________________. The b-oxidation of the molecules in (2) ultimately produces ____________________, which then enters at the beginning of ____________________ whose ultimate metabolic waste products are ______________________________ and ______________________________.
From the protein hydrolysis cycle, the missing words are;
Amino AcidDeaminationNon-essential Amino AcidsFree fatty acids and monoglyceridesacetyl-CoA moleculesFADH2, NADH and water.What is protein hydrolysis?
Protein hydrolysis is a complicated process that comprises a series of enzymatic processes, each with a unique kinetic response for numerous substrates.
Two enzymes that aid the digestion of protein in the body are;
Pepsin; and Trypsin.Learn more about protein hydrolysis at;
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What term generally describes small chunks of rocks and debris in space?
• meteorites
• meteoroids
• meteors
meteorides
Answer:
meteorite
Explanation:
When it is in space it is called a meteorite, when coming into the atmosphere it is a meteor, and when it hits earth it is a meteoroid.
which of the following enzymes is used to make radioactively labeled DNA?
2 points
Name all of the possible human blood types using both the ABO and Rh blood groups together.
how does the temperature of water change if you heat it after it has already reached the boiling point?
What is climate change?
magnifying ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere
a rise in global temperatures because of our natural systems being thrown out of balance
a source of energy that generates dangerous waste
the average temperature of our planet over the past million years
During an allergic response to a bee sting or pollen, which of the following hormone is often released?
a) PTH
b) prostlagin
c) GH
d) thyroxine
When a person has been stung by a bee, the body releases the hormone prostaglandin into the body. Option B
What is a bee sting?A bee sting is that painful feeling that occurs when you have an encounter with a bee. This is the result of the release of a chemical called melittin by the bee into your body.
When a person has been stung by a bee, the body releases the hormone prostaglandin into the body.
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Which of the following did you remember?
The nucleus directs cell activity.
Ribosomes produce proteins for the cell. These proteins are then moved through the cell by the
endoplasmic reticulum.
The Golgi apparatus packages and distributes proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Vacuoles store water, waste products, food, etc.
Lysosomes break down waste material and debris.
Mitochondria break down sugar molecules to supply energy. Similarly, chloroplasts capture the
energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.
O The cell membrane protects the cell and controls what enters and leaves it. The cell wall supports
the cell membrane, maintains the cell's shape, and protects the cell.
The cytoplasm supports and protects organelles in the cell?
The information quoted in the question describes the functions of components of a cell. All the cells in the body function technical functions but every cell contains almost the exact organelles.
All statements are true and define the function of most organelles present in the cell.
What are the functions of organelles presents in the cells?The nucleus directs cell activity: the nucleus is where the genetic information is found and by means of gene expression it controls the cellular functions-Ribosomes produce proteins for the cell: Ribosomes produce messenger RNA proteins (mRNA) by connecting amino acids together-These proteins are then transferred through the cell by the endoplasmic reticulum: it is a network of membranes within the cell via which proteins and other molecules move-The Golgi apparatus packages and distributes proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum: It transforms and exports protein to the rest of the body. Proteins, in their passage through the Golgi apparatus, carry out a modification process.Vacuoles stock water, waste products, food, etc: vacuoles store substances, in plants they occupy a large percentage of the cytoplasm and adjust their size during ormo regulation.-Lysosomes break down waste material and debris: They contains hydrolytic enzymes that allow intracellular digestion of macromolecules-Mitochondria break down sugar molecules to supply energy. Similarly, chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy: Chloroplasts and mitochondria through the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis produce energy necessary for the vital functions of the cell.
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If the DNA sequence is CCAATTGA, what is the compliment?
GGTTAACT is the complement of DNA sequence CCAATTGA.
What is a complement sequence of DNA?A sequence of bases in a nucleic acid called a complementary sequence can be used to match base pairs to create a double-stranded structure. For instance, G-T-A-C is the complementary sequence to C-A-T-G, where each letter represents a different DNA nucleotide.
Every DNA sequence has a counterpart sequence running in parallel since DNA has two strands. Adenine (A) is always coupled with Thymine (T) in the complementary sequence, while Cytosine (C) is always paired with Guanine (G).
Natural complementary DNA plays a crucial role in the production of new DNA copies and has emerged as a key experimental tool. The two strands of DNA are unraveled from one another during replication. Each strand is replicated twice, one by a DNA polymerase molecule that runs the length of each strand.
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Enzymes can be inhibited in different ways. Describe two methods of enzyme inhibition by describing similarities and differences.
Enzymes can be inhibited in different ways this can inclued three types of reversible enzyme inhibition: competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive.
How can enzymes be inhibited?Irreversible and reversible enzymatic inclusion. A valent-chain inhibitor occurs with a valent-chain inhibitor, whereas a valent enzyme does not occur with a valent-chain inhibitor.
In enzymatic inhibition, the inhibiting substance forms chemical bonds with the enzymes in order to interfere with their catalytic activity. This inclued types of enzyme inhibition:
Irreversible inhibitors bind to enzymes leading to their definitive inactivation. These inhibitors are very toxic to the body as they are not specific, being able to inactivate any enzyme.Reversible inhibitors can be divided into two groups: competitive and non-competitive. This division is based on the presence or absence of competition between the inhibitor and the substrate for the active center of the enzyme.See more about enzymatic inhibition at brainly.com/question/13174512
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Down syndrome, the most common genetic condition in the United States, is also called trisomy 21. What does this mean?
(PLEASE ANWSER ONLY IF YOUR SURE )
A)
A person with Down syndrome has two copies of chromosome 21 but they're fused together. During early embryo development, these chromosomes didn't segregate properly.
B)
A person with Down syndrome has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two copies. Two sperm cells simultaneously fertilized the egg cell.
C)
A person with Down syndrome has only one copy of chromosome 21 instead of two copies. Either the sperm cell or the egg cell was lacking this chromosome.
D)
A person with Down syndrome has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two copies. An extra chromosome 21 was present in either the sperm or the egg cell.
A person with Down syndrome has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two copies. An extra chromosome 21 was present in either the sperm or the egg cell (Option D).
What is a trisomy?A trisomy is a genetic phenomenon where there homologous chromosomes (instead of two) are found in diploid cells.
A person with Down syndrome carries three copies of chromosome number 21 instead of two.
In conclusion, A person with Down syndrome has an extra chromosome 21 that was present in either the sperm or the egg cell (Option D).
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Two individuals who are heterozygous for Huntington’s are pregnant with a child. What is the probability that the resulting child will not inherit Huntington’s disease ?
Calculate the probability. The Punnett square is provided to show your work
The probability that the child will not inherit Huntington’s disease is therefore 1/4.
What is Probability?This is defined as a numerical description of how an event is likely to occur and the formula is :
Number of favourable outcomes/Total Number of outcomes.
When the heterozygous traits(Hh × Hh) are crossed, we have HH, Hh, Hh, hh.
The recessive trait is hh which makes the probability to be 1/4 in which the resulting child will not inherit the disease.
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The liquid portion of the blood that consists of about 55% of the total volume of blood is referred to as ________.
stem cells
leukocytes
plasma
platelets
What is/are the main purpose(s) of mitosis? (select all that apply)
Control metabolism
Synthesize energy
Generate genetic diversity
Organism growth
Tissue repair and maintenance
Create gametes
Answer:
Synthesize energy
Tissue repair and maintenance
Explanation:
Mitosis is a stage in the cell cycle where the produced DNA is separated and two new cells are generated with the equal number of DNA and type of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
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Answer: The main purposes of mitosis are Organism growth and tissue repair and maintenance.
Explanation: MITOSIS is the step of cell division in cell cycle. Cell cycle contains G1 S G2 and M phase. During mitosis a cell replicates its chromosome and segregates them to produce two identical daughter nuclei, which after undergoing cytokinesis produces two identical daughter cells. mitosis is often called as equational division.
Mitosis do not control metabolism nor it synthesize energy.
MITOSIS produces two identical daughter cells which are identical to their parents, so it cannot cause genetic diversity.
mitosis helps organism to grow in size and tissue repair and maintenance by producing new cells identical to each other.
gametes are not produced by mitosis they are produced by meiosis that is reductional division.
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5. The petroleum industry uses 1% of the available fresh water in
Alberta for oilfield injection, while farmers use 47% for irrigation. Why are many citizens opposed to the use of water by the petroleum industry but are not concerned with the use of water for irrigation?
A. The petroleum industry has lots of money.
B. Food produced by irrigation is more vital than the oil produced by the petroleum industry.
C. Water used by the petroleum industry is injected deep
underground and does not return to the hydrological cycle.
D. Farming is more important to the province than the petroleum
industry is.
Water used by the petroleum industry is injected deep underground and does not return to the hydrological cycle. The correct option is C.
Water and petroleum industriesMost of the water used in oil extraction is not returned to the hydrological cycle.
In actual fact, some percentage of the water used in extracting crude oil tends to be a source of pollutants to the freshwater reservoir in the environment.
With irrigation farming, this is not the case. Thus, many citizens will oppose the use of water by the petroleum industry but not irrigation farming.
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.
An increase in temperature has virtually no effect on the overall rate of photosynthesis within the...
An increase in temperature has virtually no effect on the overall rate of photosynthesis within the leaves of plants.
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which green manufacture sugars from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water using the energy of sunlight.
Photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of green plants.
Enzymes are involved in the reactions of photosynthesis and these enzymes are affected by temperature.
Temperatures below or above the optimum temperature will reduce rate of photosynthesis.
In conclusion, photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of plants and is catalyzed by enzymes.
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Read the scenario.
A biologist sets up an experiment to see how different antibiotics affect the growth of the bacteria Clostridium perfringens. She grows colonies of the bacteria on four different Petri dishes filled with agar, a growth medium containing nutrients for the bacteria. She then applies a different antibiotic to three of the bacteria colonies in the Petri dishes. She leaves the fourth Petri dish to grow bacteria without any antibiotic.
Each Petri dish is the same size, contains the same nutrient agar, and is placed in an incubation chamber at the same temperature. At the end of the experiment, the biologist measures the diameter of the bacteria colonies on the Petri dishes.
Question
What factors must be kept constant in the experiment to obtain valid results?
size of the Petri dish, nutrient agar, diameter of the bacteria colony
bacteria species, type of antibiotic, diameter of the bacteria colony
type of antibiotic, nutrient agar, temperature
nutrient agar, temperature, bacteria species
Factors that must be kept constant in the experiment to obtain valid results are option (c) i.e, type of antibiotic, nutrient agar, and temperature.
what are antibiotics?A particular class of antimicrobial agents that works against bacteria is an antibiotic. Antibiotic drugs are frequently employed in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections because they are the most effective type of antibacterial agent for doing so. Bacteria may be killed or have their growth suppressed.
They could harm the bacterial cell directly by attacking the cell wall. These cells can no longer do additional harm to the body since the bacteria cannot attack it. Other antibacterials, such as tetracycline and erythromycin, prevent the germs from multiplying or growing.
Antibiotics limit bacterial growth and replication by interfering with the bacterial cell wall. Because many types of bacteria have cell walls but human cells do not, antibiotics can kill bacteria while sparing human cells.
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If you added 1 ml of an aqueous solution of NaCl at 0.4mol/l to 9ml of water what would be the final concentration of NaCl in the solution?
The final concentration of NaCl will be 0.04 mol/L.
Dilution principleThe dilution principle states that the number of moles of solute in a diluted solution remains the same as before dilution.
Mathematically, m1v1=m2v2
In this case, m1 = 0.4 mol/L, v1 = 1 mL, v2 = 1+9 = 10 mL
m2 = m1v1/v2 = 0.4 x 1/10 = 0.04 mol/L
Thus, the final concentration of the NaCl solution will be 0.04 mol/L.
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Explain the disadvantages and advantages of each type of cell division
The answers include the following:
The advantages of meiosis include genetic variation while the disadvantage is it requiring two gametes.The advantages of mitosis include repair of tissues due to same genetic content while the disadvantage is little or no genetic variation.What is Cell division?This process involves the division of parent cells into two or more daughter cells and comprises of meiosis and mitosis.
Meiosis produces four daughter cells while mitosis produces two daughter cells.
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20 POINTS - AP Biology - Sexually reproducing organisms have diverse offspring but use large quantities of time and resources in the process....
1) Research biotechnology that currently exists describing the engineering design that made it possible.
2) Evaluate the design listed in problem 1 paying particular attention to benefits and risks.
The field of biotechnology combines biological and technological ideas. The main advantage that biotechnology can offer is advancement in engineering.
Benefits of biotechnology include the ability to simultaneously increase health and decrease hunger. It makes the food chain more flexible. It provides chances for medicinal advancement. We can conserve resources because of it. It assists us in reducing or eliminating waste. It may lower the prevalence of infectious diseases. Among biotechnology's drawbacks, this area of study has a lot of unanswered questions. It results in an all-or-nothing strategy. Croplands could be destroyed. It makes the value of human life a commodity. It is capable of being destroyed.
All the advantages that biotechnology can offer could be utilized to create a weapon of mass devastation. Unchecked biotechnology might potentially give rise to a social stratum that exists solely for scientific purposes.
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which cycle is represented in this image?
A. Carbon cycle
B. Water cycle
C. Nitrogen cycle
D. Oxygen cycle
Carbon cycle is represented in this image.
What is carbon cycle?The carbon cycle is nature's method of recycling carbon atoms, which repeatedly go from the atmosphere into Earth's living things and back into it. The majority of carbon is kept in rocks and sediments.The remainder is kept in the ocean, atmosphere, and living things.The process through which carbon moves between the atmosphere, land, oceans, and subsurface sediments is known as the carbon cycle.Respiration, combustion, decomposition, and photosynthesis. Carbon enters plants and other living things through the atmosphere.The biogeochemical cycle known as the carbon cycle involves the exchange of different carbon compounds between the biosphere, geosphere, pedosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, among other layers of the earth.Learn more about carbon cycle here:
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Which of the following best describes how a biotic factor can limit the population growth in a species?
A) A sudden drop in temperature causes nearly half of the species' population to die.
B) Disease leads to a decline in the reproductive rate of the species' main predator.
C) Lack of rainfall over a long period of time forces the species to migrate to a new location.
Answer: B) Disease leads to a decline in the reproductive rate of the species' main predator.
Explanation: Disease is a biotic factor and A and C are not :)
Answer:
B
Explanation:
B) Disease leads to a decline in the reproductive rate of the species' main predator.
The 1918 influenza pandemic was one of the most severe pandemics in history. Although there is not universal consensus regarding where the virus originated (the current theory is a bird species), it spread worldwide during 1918-1919. Which modern strategy could have assisted with the treatment of this communicable disease?
Quarantine is the modern strategy which could have assisted with the treatment of this communicable disease.
What is Quarantine?This refers to the process in which animals, people etc are restricted from movement to other areas.
This strategy helps to tackle the spread of diseases to other parts of the world. This strategy wasn't employed which was why millions of birds were affected worldwide.
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While sitting on a picnic blanket at the park, Sami didn't notice ants swarming around her feet and repeatedly biting her. She became very itchy and uncomfortable. Now each time she goes to the park for a picnic, she becomes itchy and uncomfortable. What is feeling itchy and uncomfortable just by going to the park in this scenario?
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Answer:
C: Conditioned stimulus
Explanation:
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A conditioned stimulus is an external stimulus that eventually results in an external response. In the experiment described, the conditioned stimulus was the ringing of the bell, and the conditioned response was salivation.
What are the different role of Conditioned stimulus?The conditioned stimulus (CS), in the language of the classical conditioning paradigm, is a learnt stimulus that may eventually cause a conditioned response.
For instance, in Pavlov's experiment, the sound of a bell serves as the conditioned stimulus, while the salivating of the dog serves as the conditioned response.
A substitute stimulus known as a conditioned stimulus causes an organism to react in the same way that an unconditioned stimulus does.
Therefore, Simply explained, a conditioned stimulus is something that an organism responds to because it is connected to another event.
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two atoms are isotopes of the element. which of the following should be the same for these two atoms?
Answer:
An isotopes are atoms located in the same spot on the periodic table. They are considered the same element, but they differ in the number neutrons in their nuclei. They have the same location on the periodic table, atomic number, number of protons, and number of electrons.
How can the detergents we use cause pollution?
A. When we wash clothes, the chemicals in detergent can evaporate and pollute the air.
B. The chemicals can stay in our clothes and then get into the environment when we are outside.
C. The phosphates from detergent that end up in the water supply cause less oxygen to be present.
D. Salts in the detergents can absorb into the ground when clothes are thrown out.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
water can and will most likely be recycled
What organelles do plants have in their roots that helps them to sense gravity?
a) stigma
b) statocyte
c) starch
d) stamen
statocytes, organelles do plants have in their roots that helps them to sense gravity, correct answer is B.
what are statocytes ?
In higher plants, statocytes are the cells which sense gravity. They contain amyloplasts-statoliths, amyloplastic organelles which are filled by starch or sediment at the bottom of the cells. Coleoptiles, shoots, and inflorescence stems all have an elongating area that really is home to statocytes.
how do they help in sensing gravity ?
When the plant is reoriented in the gravity field, the starch-filled plastids (also known as statoliths) in the statocytes, that are highly polarized cells, fall to the physical bottom.
Hence, statocytes help in sensing gravity.
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Why do you think it is beneficial for a pathogen to make its host very sick without killing the host?
It is beneficial for a pathogen to make its host very sick without killing the host simply because it can always continue to take over the hosts body.
What are pathogens?Pathogens are microscropic organisms which causes diseases to plants and animals
Some few group of pathogenic organisms which are highly infectious are:
BacteriaVirusFungiSo therefore, it is beneficial for a pathogen to make its host very sick without killing the host simply because it can always continue to take over the hosts body.
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