let z = a bi and w = c di. prove the following property: ez ew = ez w . 6

Answers

Answer 1

We have proved the property ez ew = ez+w.

To prove the property ez ew = ez+w, where z = a + bi and w = c + di, we can use the properties of complex exponentials.

First, let's express ez and ew in their exponential form:

ez = e^(a+bi) = e^a * e^(ib)

ew = e^(c+di) = e^c * e^(id)

Now, we can multiply ez and ew together:

ez ew = (e^a * e^(ib)) * (e^c * e^(id))

Using the properties of exponentials, we can simplify this expression:

ez ew = e^a * e^c * e^(ib) * e^(id)

Now, we can use Euler's formula, which states that e^(ix) = cos(x) + i sin(x), to express the complex exponentials in terms of trigonometric functions:

e^(ib) = cos(b) + i sin(b)

e^(id) = cos(d) + i sin(d)

Substituting these values back into the expression, we get:

ez ew = e^a * e^c * (cos(b) + i sin(b)) * (cos(d) + i sin(d))

Using the properties of complex numbers, we can expand and simplify this expression:

ez ew = e^a * e^c * (cos(b)cos(d) - sin(b)sin(d) + i(sin(b)cos(d) + cos(b)sin(d)))

Now, let's express ez+w in exponential form:

ez+w = e^(a+bi+ci+di) = e^((a+c) + (b+d)i)

Using Euler's formula again, we can express this exponential in terms of trigonometric functions:

ez+w = e^(a+c) * (cos(b+d) + i sin(b+d))

Comparing this with our previous expression for ez ew, we can see that they are equal:

ez ew = e^a * e^c * (cos(b)cos(d) - sin(b)sin(d) + i(sin(b)cos(d) + cos(b)sin(d))) = e^(a+c) * (cos(b+d) + i sin(b+d)) = ez+w

Know more about exponentials here;

https://brainly.com/question/28596571

#SPJ11


Related Questions

Create the smallest cylinder possible with the tool and record the values of the radius, height, and volume (in terms of pi). Scale the original cylinder by the given scale factors, and then record the resulting volumes (in terms of pi) to verify that the formula V=VxK^3 holds true for a cylinder

Answers

The resulting volume of the scaled cylinder is k³π. Hence, the formula V = VxK^3 holds true for a cylinder.

Given: We need to create the smallest cylinder possible with the tool and record the values of the radius, height, and volume (in terms of pi). Then scale the original cylinder by the given scale factors, and record the resulting volumes (in terms of pi) to verify that the formula V=VxK^3 holds true for a cylinder.

Formula used:Volume of Cylinder = πr²h Where r = radius of the cylinderh = height of the cylinder K = Scale factor V = Volume of cylinder

1. Smallest Cylinder: Let's take radius, r = 1 and height, h = 1, then the volume of the cylinder is,

Volume of Cylinder = πr²h= π1² × 1= π

Therefore, the volume of the smallest cylinder is π.

2. Scaled Cylinder: Let's take radius, r = 1 and height, h = 1, then the volume of the cylinder is,

Volume of Cylinder = πr²h= π1² × 1= π

Therefore, the volume of the cylinder is π.Let's scale the cylinder by the given scale factor "k" to get a new cylinder with the same shape, but with different dimensions. Then the new radius and height are kr and kh, respectively.

And the new volume of the cylinder is given by the formula V = π(kr)²(kh)= πk²r²h= k³π

To know more about scale factor  please visit :

https://brainly.com/question/25722260

#SPJ11

Vladimir hit a home run at the ballpark. A computer tracked the ball's trajectory in feet and modeled its flight path as



a parabola with the equation, y = -0. 003(x - 210)2 + 138. Use the equation to complete the statements describing



the path of the ball.



The vertex of the parabola is ✓ (210, 138)



The highest the ball traveled was ✓ 138 feet.

Answers

The vertex of the parabola is located at (210,138) because the parabola opens downwards due to the negative "a" coefficient. The highest point of the ball's flight was 138 feet above the ground, which corresponds to the y-value of the vertex.4

The equation y = -0.003(x - 210)2 + 138 can be used to describe the flight path of a ball that was hit by Vladimir in the ballpark. A computer tracked the ball's trajectory in feet and modeled its flight path as a parabola. It is noted that the vertex of the parabola is (210,138), and that the highest the ball traveled was 138 feet.

A parabola is a symmetrical U-shaped curve. The vertex of the parabola, which is the lowest or highest point on the curve, depends on the coefficient "a" in the quadratic equation that models the parabola. A positive "a" coefficient will result in a parabola that opens upwards, while a negative "a" coefficient will result in a parabola that opens downwards.

In the given equation, the "a" coefficient is negative, which means that the parabola will open downwards. The vertex is located at (210,138) because these values correspond to the minimum y-value on the parabola. Therefore, we can conclude that the ball reached its highest point at a height of 138 feet above the ground.


In conclusion, Vladimir hit a ball in the ballpark whose trajectory was tracked by a computer and modeled as a parabola using the equation y = -0.003(x - 210)2 + 138. The vertex of the parabola is located at (210,138) because the parabola opens downwards due to the negative "a" coefficient. The highest point of the ball's flight was 138 feet above the ground, which corresponds to the y-value of the vertex.

To know more about quadratic equation visit:

brainly.com/question/30098550

#SPJ11

Compute the partial sums S2, S4 and S6 of the following sequence.1/64 + 1/256 + 1/576 + 1/1024

Answers

The partial sums S2, S4, and S6 of the sequence are 0.0195 (approx), 0.0204 (approx), and 0.0229 (approx), respectively.

The given sequence is 1/64 + 1/256 + 1/576 + 1/1024 + ...

To find the partial sums, we need to add up the first 2, 4, and 6 terms of the sequence.

S2 = 1/64 + 1/256 = 5/256 = 0.0195 (approx)

S4 = 1/64 + 1/256 + 1/576 + 1/1024 = 47/2304 = 0.0204 (approx)

S6 = 1/64 + 1/256 + 1/576 + 1/1024 + 1/1600 + 1/2304 = 317/13824 = 0.0229 (approx)

Therefore, the partial sums S2, S4, and S6 of the sequence are 0.0195 (approx), 0.0204 (approx), and 0.0229 (approx), respectively.

To know more about partial sums refer to-

https://brainly.com/question/31402067

#SPJ11

Ic=(6.6N-m everal students perform an experiment using 0.150 kg pendulum bob attached to string and obtain the following data: C Length of the string (m) 1.40 1.20 Time for 50.0 vibrations (s) 119 110 99.9 95. 0.90 0.70 0.50 70.9 They want to determine an experimental value for the acceleration due to the gravitational force in the classroom using information from the slope of the line: To do this, they should plot the data using which of the graphs shown below? (A) (B) II MII (D) IV Fana 4-k mylra

Answers

The graph they should use is (B) with T^2 on the y-axis and L on the x-axis.

To determine the experimental value for the acceleration due to gravity, the students need to plot the period squared (T^2) versus the length of the string (L) and find the slope of the line. This is because the period of a pendulum is given by T = 2π√(L/g), where g is the acceleration due to gravity. Rearranging this equation, we get T^2 = (4π^2/g)L, which is the equation of a straight line with slope (4π^2/g) and y-intercept 0. Therefore, the graph they should use is (B) with T^2 on the y-axis and L on the x-axis.

Learn more about y-axis here

https://brainly.com/question/27912791

#SPJ11

3)


The domain of this relation does not include which value(s)?


{x,y):y=x2-4}


A)


0


B)


C)


2,0


D)


2,-2

Answers

We can see that the domain of the relation does not include the value of 2 and 0 as when we plug 2 and 0 in the given equation, we get the value of y as zero. Hence, the correct option is (C).

The given relation is{x, y): y = x² - 4}.So, if we plug different values of x to determine the corresponding y-value of the relation, we get:

When x = -2, y = (-2)² - 4 = 0

When x = -1, y = (-1)² - 4 = -3

When x = 0, y = 0² - 4 = -4

When x = 1, y = 1² - 4 = -3

When x = 2, y = 2² - 4 = 0  When x = 3, y = 3² - 4 = 5

From the above values of the relation, we can see that the domain of the relation does not include the value of 2 and 0 as when we plug 2 and 0 in the given equation, we get the value of y as zero. Hence, the correct option is (C).

To know more about domain visit:

https://brainly.com/question/30133157

#SPJ11

Find the line integral of f(x,y,z)=x+y+z over the straight line segment from (1,2,3) to (0,−1,1)

Answers

Answer: The line integral of F along the straight line segment from (1, 2, 3) to (0, -1, 1) is 6.5.

Step-by-step explanation:

To determine the line integral of a vector function F along a curve C, we first parameterise the curve with a vector function r(t), where a ≤ t ≤ b. Then, we compute the line integral as follows:

∫CF · dr = ∫b_ar(t) · r'(t) dt

where F = (f_1, f_2, f_3) and r'(t) = (dx/dt, dy/dt, dz/dt).

In this problem, we are given the vector function F(x, y, z) = (x + y + z). We need to find the line integral of F along the straight line segment from (1, 2, 3) to (0, -1, 1). We can parameterize this line segment by setting:

r(t) = (1, 2, 3) + t ((0, -1, 1) - (1, 2, 3)) = (1 - t, 2 - t, 3 + t), where 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Thus, r'(t) = (-1, -1, 1), and F(r(t)) = (1 - t) + (2 - t) + (3 + t) = 6 - t.

Substituting these values into the formula for the line integral, we get:

∫CF · dr = ∫1_0 F(r(t)) · r'(t) dt

= ∫1_0 (6 - t) · (-1, -1, 1) dt

= ∫1_0 (-6 + t) dt

= [-6t + (t^2)/2]_1^0

= 6 - 0 - (-6 + 1/2)

= 6.5.

Therefore, the line integral of F along the straight line segment from (1, 2, 3) to (0, -1, 1) is 6.5.

Learn more about line integral here, https://brainly.com/question/30460707

#SPJ11

.7. Let A be the matrix A =
4 −1
2 1
(a) Diagonalize the matrix A. That is, find an invertible matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that P −1AP = D (b) Find P −1 . (c) Use the factorization A = P DP −1 to compute A5 .

Answers

(a) To diagonalize the matrix A, we need to find its eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The characteristic polynomial of A is given by:

det(A - λI) = |(4-λ) -1|

| 2 (1-λ)|

scss

Copy code

        = (4 - λ)(1 - λ) + 2 = λ² - 5λ + 6 = (λ - 2)(λ - 3)

Therefore, the eigenvalues of A are λ₁ = 2 and λ₂ = 3.

To find the eigenvectors corresponding to each eigenvalue, we solve the equations:

(A - λ₁I)x₁ = 0, and (A - λ₂I)x₂ = 0

For λ₁ = 2, we have:

(A - 2I)x₁ = 0

⇒ (2 - 2)x₁ - (-1)x₂ = 0

⇒ x₁ + x₂ = 0

So, one eigenvector corresponding to λ₁ = 2 is v₁ = ⟨1, -1⟩.

For λ₂ = 3, we have:

(A - 3I)x₂ = 0

⇒ (4-3)x₁ - (-1)x₂ = 0

⇒ x₁ + x₂ = 0

So, another eigenvector corresponding to λ₂ = 3 is v₂ = ⟨1, -1⟩.

Therefore, the matrix A can be diagonalized as:

A = PDP⁻¹, where

P = |1 1|, and D = |2 0|

|0 1| |0 3|

(b) To find P⁻¹, we need to find the inverse of P. We have:

|1 1|⁻¹ = 1/(11 - 11) | 1 -1| = 1/(-1)|-1 1| = |-1 1|

|0 1| | 0 1| | 0 1|

Therefore, P⁻¹ = |-1 1|

| 0 1|

(c) Using the factorization A = PDP⁻¹, we have:

A⁵ = (PDP⁻¹)⁵ = PD⁵P⁻¹

Since D is a diagonal matrix, we can easily compute its fifth power as:

D⁵ = |(2)⁵ 0| = |32 0|

| 0 (3)⁵| | 0 243|

So, A⁵ = PDP⁻¹ = |1 1| |32 0| |-1 1| = |-32 32|

|0 1| |0 243| | 0 1|

Therefore, A⁵ = |-32 32|

| 0 243|.

To know more about Eigenvectors:

https://brainly.com/question/15586347

#SPJ11

determine the standard matrix a for the linear tranformation which first roates points thorugh pi/4 clockwise and then reflects points through vertical x2 axis

Answers

The standard matrix A for the given linear transformation is:

[tex]A = [\sqrt{ (2)/2 } cos(pi/4) sin(pi/4)]\\ [-\sqrt{(2)/2 } -sin(pi/4) cos(pi/4)][/tex]

To determine the standard matrix A for the given linear transformation, we need to find out how the transformation changes the standard basis vectors.

Let's start by considering the standard basis vectors in R2:

e1 = (1, 0)

e2 = (0, 1)

Rotation by pi/4 clockwise:

To rotate a vector by pi/4 clockwise, we need to multiply the vector by the matrix:

R = [cos(-pi/4)  -sin(-pi/4)]

   [sin(-pi/4)   cos(-pi/4)]

which simplifies to:

R = [cos(pi/4)  sin(pi/4)]

   [-sin(pi/4) cos(pi/4)]

Applying this to e1 and e2 gives:

[tex]Re1 = [cos(pi/4) sin(pi/4)] \times [1] = [\sqrt{(2)/2} ]\\ [-sin(pi/4) cos(pi/4)] [0] [\sqrt{(2)/2}]\\Re2 = [cos(pi/4) sin(pi/4)] \times [0] = [-\sqrt{(2)/2}]\\ [-sin(pi/4) cos(pi/4)] [1] [\sqrt{(2)/2}][/tex]

Reflection through the x2-axis:

To reflect a vector through the x2-axis, we simply negate its second component. Therefore, the matrix that represents this transformation is:

F = [1 0]

   [0 -1]

Applying this to Re1 and Re2 gives:

[tex]Fe1 = [1 0] \times [\sqrt{(2)/2} ] = [\sqrt{(2)/2}]\\ [0 -1] [\sqrt{(2)/2}] [-\sqrt{(2)/2}]\\Fe2 = [1 0] \times [-\sqrt{(2)/2}] = [-\sqrt{(2)/2}]\\ [0 -1] [\sqrt{(2)/2}] [-\sqrt{(2)/2}][/tex]

Now we can combine the two transformations by multiplying the matrices R and F:

[tex]A = FR = [1 0] \times [cos(pi/4) sin(pi/4)] = [sqrt(2)/2] [cos(pi/4) sin(pi/4)] [0 -1] [-sin(pi/4) cos(pi/4)] [-\sqrt{(2)/2} ][-sin(pi/4) cos(pi/4)][/tex]

for such more question on  standard matrix

https://brainly.com/question/475676

#SPJ11

A stone is tossed into the air from ground level with an initial velocity of 39 m/s.
Its height at time t is h(t) = 39t − 4.9t^2 m/s. Compute the stone's average velocity over the time intervals

[1, 1.01], [1, 1.001], [1, 1.0001],

and

[0.99, 1], [0.999, 1], [0.9999, 1].

Estimate the instantaneous velocity v at t = 1.

Answers

The instantaneous velocity of the stone at t = 1 is 29.2 m/s.

Given data:

A stone is tossed into the air from ground level with an initial velocity of 39 m/s. Its height at time t is h(t) = 39t − 4.9t² m/s. The required parameters are as follows:

Compute the stone's average velocity over the time intervals [1, 1.01], [1, 1.001], [1, 1.0001],

and [0.99, 1], [0.999, 1], [0.9999, 1].

Estimate the instantaneous velocity v at t = 1.

Solution:

Average velocity = (total distance) / (total time)

In general, distance is the change in the position of an object; as a result, total distance = [h(t2) − h(t1)],

and total time = [t2 − t1].

Using the formula of h(t),

h(t2) = 39t2 − 4.9t²

h(t1) = 39t1 − 4.9t²

Let's evaluate the average velocity over the time intervals using this formula:

[1, 1.01][h(1.01) - h(1)] / [1.01 - 1] = [39(1.01) - 4.9(1.01)² - 39(1) + 4.9(1)²] / [0.01][1, 1.001][h(1.001) - h(1)] / [1.001 - 1]

= [39(1.001) - 4.9(1.001)² - 39(1) + 4.9(1)²] / [0.001][1, 1.0001][h(1.0001) - h(1)] / [1.0001 - 1]

= [39(1.0001) - 4.9(1.0001)² - 39(1) + 4.9(1)²] / [0.0001][0.99, 1][h(1) - h(0.99)] / [1 - 0.99]

= [39(1) - 4.9(1)² - 39(0.99) + 4.9(0.99)²] / [0.01][0.999, 1][h(1) - h(0.999)] / [1 - 0.999]

= [39(1) - 4.9(1)² - 39(0.999) + 4.9(0.999)²] / [0.001][0.9999, 1][h(1) - h(0.9999)] / [1 - 0.9999]

= [39(1) - 4.9(1)² - 39(0.9999) + 4.9(0.9999)²] / [0.0001]

Evaluate the above fractions and obtain the values of average velocity over the given time intervals.

Using the derivative of h(t), we can estimate the instantaneous velocity at t = 1.

Using the formula of v(t), v(t) = h'(t)At t = 1, h'(t) = 39 - 9.8(1) = 29.2 m/s

Thus, the instantaneous velocity of the stone at t = 1 is 29.2 m/s.

To know more about velocity visit:

https://brainly.com/question/18084516

#SPJ11

Find a polynomial f(x) of degree 3 with real coefficients and the following zeros. 2, 1-2i

Answers

The polynomial f(x) of degree 3 with real coefficients and the given zeros 2 and 1-2i is f(x) = (x - 2)(x - (1 - 2i))(x - (1 + 2i)).

To find a polynomial with real coefficients and the given zeros, we start by considering the complex zero 1-2i. Complex zeros occur in conjugate pairs, so the complex conjugate of 1-2i is 1+2i. Thus, the factors involving the complex zeros are (x - (1 - 2i))(x - (1 + 2i)).

Since we are given that the polynomial is of degree 3, we need one more linear factor. The other zero is 2, so the corresponding factor is (x - 2).

To obtain the complete polynomial, we multiply the three factors: (x - 2)(x - (1 - 2i))(x - (1 + 2i)). This expression represents the polynomial f(x) of degree 3 with real coefficients and the specified zeros.

Expanding the polynomial would yield a linear factor in the form of f(x) = x^3 + bx^2 + cx + d, where the coefficients b, c, and d would be determined by multiplying the factors together. However, the original factorized form (x - 2)(x - (1 - 2i))(x - (1 + 2i)) is sufficient to represent the polynomial with the given zeros.

Learn more about polynomial here:

https://brainly.com/question/11536910

#SPJ11

A random sample of size 5 is taken from a normal distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 2. Find a constant C such that 0.05 is equal to the probability that the sum of the squares of the sample observations exceeds C.

Answers

The constant C = 44.28 is the constant such that the probability that the sum of the squares of the sample observations exceeds C is 0.05.

To solve this problem, we need to use the Chi-Square distribution. The sum of squares of a sample of size n from a normal distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ is distributed according to the Chi-Square distribution with n degrees of freedom (df). In this case, n = 5 and σ = 2.
The probability that the sum of squares of the sample observations exceeds C can be calculated using the Chi-Square distribution function. We want to find the value of C such that the probability of exceeding C is 0.05.
Using a Chi-Square table or calculator, we can find that the 0.05 quantile of the Chi-Square distribution with 5 df is 11.07. This means that the probability of observing a sum of squares greater than 11.07 is 0.05.
To find C, we set the sum of squares equal to 11.07 and solve for C:
x1^2 + x2^2 + x3^2 + x4^2 + x5^2 = 11.07
Since the sample mean is 0, we can assume that the sample deviations are symmetric around 0. Thus, we can solve for C using only one deviation:
x1^2 = (C/n) - x2^2 - x3^2 - x4^2 - x5^2
Substituting x1^2 into the equation for the sum of squares, we get:
(C/n) = x2^2 + x3^2 + x4^2 + x5^2 + (C/n)
Simplifying, we get:
C = 4(x2^2 + x3^2 + x4^2 + x5^2)
Now we can substitute 11.07 for the sum of squares and solve for C:
C = 4(11.07)
C = 44.28
Therefore, C = 44.28 is the constant such that the probability that the sum of the squares of the sample observations exceeds C is 0.05.

To know more about probability visit :

https://brainly.com/question/29221515

#SPJ11

500 600 700 800 5. Lois, Cecile, and Yumi are playing Monopoly. Yumi has 3/5 the amount of money that Lois has, which is a minin $270. Write and solve the inequality to find the possible amount of money Lois has.

Answers

The possible amount of money Lois has in Monopoly is between $450 and $500.

Let's assume that Lois has x dollars. According to the given information, Yumi has 3/5 of the amount that Lois has, which means Yumi has (3/5)x dollars. It is also stated that Yumi has a minimum of $270. Therefore, we can write the inequality (3/5)x ≥ 270.

To solve this inequality, we need to isolate x. We can start by multiplying both sides of the inequality by 5/3 to get rid of the fraction. This gives us x ≥ (5/3) * 270, which simplifies to x ≥ 450.

So Lois has at least $450. However, we also know that Lois has less than $800 (as mentioned in the initial list of numbers). Thus, we can conclude that the possible amount of money Lois has is between $450 and $800.

Learn more about amount here:

https://brainly.com/question/8082054

#SPJ11

A population of a town is divided into three age classes: less than or equal to 20 years old, between 20 and 40 years old, and greater than 40 years old. After each period of 20 years, there are 80 % people of the first age class still alive, 73 % people of the second age class still alive and 54 % people of the third age Hare still alive. The average birth rate of people in the first age class during this period is 1. 45 (i. E. , each person in the first age class, on average, give birth to about 1. 45 babies during this period); the birth rate for the second age class is 1. 46, and for the third age class is 0. 59, respectively. Suppose that the town, at the present, has 10932, 11087, 14878 people in the three age classes, respectively

Answers

The question pertains to a population of a town, which is divided into three age classes: people less than or equal to 20 years old, people between 20 and 40 years old, and people over 40 years old.

After each period of 20 years, there are 80% people of the first age class still alive, 73% people of the second age class still alive, and 54% people of the third age still alive. The average birth rate of people in the first age class during this period is 1.45; for the second age class is 1.46, and for the third age class is 0.59.

At present, the town has 10,932, 11,087, and 14,878 people in the three age classes, respectively.  Let's start by calculating the number of people in each age class, after the next 20 years.For the first age class: the population will increase by 1.45 × 0.80 = 1.16 times. Therefore, there will be 1.16 × 10,932 = 12,676 people.For the second age class: the population will increase by 1.46 × 0.73 = 1.0658 times. Therefore, there will be 1.0658 × 11,087 = 11,824 people.For the third age class: the population will increase by 0.59 × 0.54 = 0.3186 times. Therefore, there will be 0.3186 × 14,878 = 4,742 people.After 40 years, we have to repeat this process, but now we have to start with the populations that we have just calculated. This is summarized in the following table:Age class Initial population in 2020 Population in 2040 Population in 2060 Population in 2080 Less than or equal to 20 years old 10,932 12,676 14,684 17,019 Between 20 and 40 years old 11,087 11,824 12,609 13,453 Greater than 40 years old 14,878 4,742 1,509 480We know that the number of people in each age class in 2080 is equal to the sum of people in the same age class in 2040 (that we just calculated) and the number of people that survived from the previous 20 years. Therefore, we can complete the table as follows:Age class Population in 2080 Number of people alive after 20 years alive after 40 years alive after 60 years Less than or equal to 20 years old 17,019 12,676 9,348 6,886 Between 20 and 40 years old 13,453 11,824 10,510 9,341 Greater than 40 years old 480 1,509 790 428Now, we can easily calculate the population in the town after each 20 years. In particular, after 20 years, we will have:10,932 + 1.16 × 10,932 + 1.0658 × 11,087 + 0.3186 × 14,878 = 10,932 + 12,540.72 + 11,822.24 + 4,740.59 = 39,036After 40 years, we will have:17,019 + 12,676 + 10,510 + 790 = 41,995After 60 years, we will have:6,886 + 9,341 + 428 = 16,655Therefore, the town's population will increase from 10,932 to 39,036 in the next 20 years, then to 41,995 in the following 20 years, and then to 16,655 in the final 20 years.

Know more about divided into three age classes here:

https://brainly.com/question/27031218

#SPJ11

list three problems that have polynomial-time algorithms. justify your answer.

Answers

Polynomial-time algorithm are: Sorting, Shortest path and maximum flow.

1. Sorting: Sorting involves arranging a list of elements in ascending or descending order. While there are many sorting algorithms, some of them are known to have a polynomial-time complexity. For example, the quicksort algorithm has an average-case complexity of O(n log n), making it a polynomial-time algorithm.

2. Shortest path: Given a graph with weighted edges, the shortest path problem involves finding the path between two vertices with the smallest total weight. The Dijkstra's algorithm is a polynomial-time algorithm that solves this problem efficiently.

3. Maximum flow: Given a network with nodes and edges, the maximum flow problem involves finding the maximum amount of flow that can be transported from a source node to a sink node. The Ford-Fulkerson algorithm is a polynomial-time algorithm that solves this problem efficiently.

All of these problems have polynomial-time algorithm because the time taken to solve them is proportional to a polynomial function of the input size. This means that as the size of the input increases, the time taken to solve the problem grows at a relatively slow rate, making these algorithms efficient.


Learn more about polynomial-time algorithm here:

https://brainly.com/question/31804504


#SPJ11

consider the series: [infinity]∑k=7(3 / (k-1)^2 - 3 / k^2 determine whether the series is convergent or divergent:

Answers

The series is convergent.

To determine whether the series ∑(k=7 to infinity) ([tex]3 / (k-1)^2 - 3 / k^2[/tex]) is convergent or divergent, we can simplify the expression and examine its behavior.

We can rewrite the series as follows:

∑(k=7 to infinity) ([tex]3 / (k-1)^2 - 3 / k^2[/tex]) = ∑(k=7 to infinity) ([tex]3(k^2 - (k-1)^2)[/tex]) / ([tex]k^2(k-1)^2[/tex])

Simplifying further:

= ∑(k=7 to infinity) (6k - 3) / [tex](k^2(k-1)^2)[/tex]

Now, let's analyze the behavior of the individual terms. The numerator (6k - 3) increases linearly with k, while the denominator [tex](k^2(k-1)^2)[/tex] grows quadratically.

As k approaches infinity, the quadratic growth of the denominator dominates over the linear growth of the numerator. Therefore, the individual terms approach zero as k tends to infinity.

Since the terms of the series approach zero, the series is convergent by the limit comparison test, as it can be compared to a convergent p-series with p = 2.

To know more about convergent refer to-

https://brainly.com/question/31756849

#SPJ11

The Riemann zeta-function ζ is defined as ζ(x)=∑[infinity]n=11nx and is used in number theory to study the distribution of prime numbers. What is the domain of ζ?

Answers

The Riemann zeta-function is defined for all complex numbers x with real part greater than 1, that is, the domain of ζ is {x ∈ C : Re(x) > 1}.

However, the zeta function can be analytically extended to a meromorphic function on the whole complex plane except for a simple pole at x = 1, where it has a limit of infinity.

To know more about Riemann zeta-function refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/17010481

#SPJ11

The theory of punctuated equilibrium is based on the observation that a. Long periods of intense speciation alternate with long brief periods of stasis. B. New species appear in the fossil record alongside their unchanged ancestors. C. Change does not occur over time. D. Evolutionary change occurs at a constant pace

Answers

The theory of punctuated equilibrium is based on the observation that A) Long periods of intense speciation alternate with long brief periods of stasis.What is the punctuated equilibrium?

The punctuated equilibrium is a theory in evolutionary biology that posits that species tend to remain stable for long periods of time. This theory, in particular, challenges the traditional view that evolutionary change occurs continuously and gradually over time. Instead, it suggests that species change very little over long periods of time punctuated by brief bursts of rapid change.Based on the observation that long periods of intense speciation alternate with long brief periods of stasis, the theory of punctuated equilibrium is a paradigm-shifting theory in the study of evolutionary biology. It has also helped paleontologists, who rely on fossil records, better understand how species evolve over time.

To know more about  punctuated equilibrium,visit:

https://brainly.com/question/2664958

$SPJ11

The test scores for the students in two classes are summarized in these box plots.

• The 20 students in class 1 each earned a different score.

• The 12 students in class 2 earned a different score.

What is the difference between the number of students who earned a score of 90 or greater in class 2 and the number of students who earned a 90 or greater in class 1?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 5

D. 7​

Answers

The difference between the number of students who earned a score of 90 or greater in class 2 and those who earned a 90 or greater in class 1 is 1.

The test scores for the students in the two classes are summarized in these box plots. To find the difference between the number of students who earned a score of 90 or greater in class 2 and the number of students who earned a 90 or greater in class 1, we need to count the number of students that earned 90 or greater in each class and take the difference.

The answer to this question is the difference between the number of students who earned a score of 90 or greater in class 2 and those who earned a 90 or greater in class 1. We can get this by counting the number of students who score 90 or greater in each class and then taking the difference between the two. The box plot for class 1 shows that there is only one student who has a score of 90 or greater.

The box plot for class 2 shows that two students scored 90 or greater. Thus, the difference between the number of students who earned a score of 90 or greater in class 2 and those who earned a 90 or greater in class 1 is 2 - 1 = 1. Therefore, the correct option is A: 1.

To find the difference between the number of students who earned a score of 90 or greater in class 2 and the number of students who earned a 90 or greater in class 1, we need to count the number of students that earned 90 or greater in each class and take the difference. A box plot is a graphical dataset representing the median, quartiles, and extreme values. It is used to depict data distribution visually. In the question, two box plots represent the data of two different classes.

The box plot for class 1 shows that there is only one student who has a score of 90 or greater. The box plot for class 2 shows that two students scored 90 or greater. We can see that the box plot of class 1 is short and has only one whisker pointing up, indicating that there is only one student who scored higher than the median. The box plot of class 2, on the other hand, is longer and has two whiskers pointing up, indicating that two students scored higher than the median.

Therefore, the difference between the number of students who earned a score of 90 or greater in class 2 and those who earned a 90 or greater in class 1 is 1.

To know more about the median, visit:

brainly.com/question/300591

#SPJ11

Question 1


9 pts


The Land rover LX depreciates at a rate of 11% each year. If


the car is worth $47,450 this year, what will the value be in


9yrs?


$21,825. 44


$19,387. 93


$16,624. 41


$121. 378. 85


Next >

Answers

The value of the Land Rover LX will be approximately $16,624.41 in 9 years, considering a depreciation rate of 11% each year.

To find the value of the Land Rover LX after 9 years, we need to calculate the depreciation for each year. The car depreciates at a rate of 11% each year.

We can calculate the value in each year by multiplying the previous year's value by (1 - 0.11) or 0.89 (100% - 11%).

Starting with the initial value of $47,450, we can calculate the value in each subsequent year as follows:

Year 1: $47,450 * 0.89 = $42,190.50

Year 2: $42,190.50 * 0.89 = $37,548.45

Year 9: $16,624.41 * 0.89 = $14,793.02

Therefore, the value of the Land Rover LX in 9 years will be approximately $16,624.41. Option C, $16,624.41, matches this calculated value and is the correct answer.

Learn more about depreciation here:

https://brainly.com/question/30492183

#SPJ11

The solution to a logistic differential equation corresponding to a specific hyena population on a reserve in A western Tunisia is given by P(t)= The initial hyena population 1+ke-0.57 was 40 and the carrying capacity for the hyena population is 200.

Answers

The logistic differential equation for a population with carrying capacity K and initial population P0 is given by:

dP/dt = rP(1 - P/K)

where r is the intrinsic growth rate of the population.

To solve this equation for the given initial hyena population and carrying capacity, we need to find the value of r.

We are given that the solution to the logistic differential equation is:

P(t) = (K*P0)/(P0 + (K-P0)e^(-rt))

We are also given that the initial hyena population is 40, the carrying capacity is 200, and the value of k is unknown.

To find the value of k, we can use the fact that the initial population is 40:

P(0) = (K*P0)/(P0 + (K-P0)e^(-r0))

40 = (200*1)/(1 + (200-1)*e^(0))

40 = 200/(1 + 199)

40 = 200/200

40 = 1

This equation does not make sense, because it implies that the initial population is 1, which contradicts the given information that the initial population is 40.

Therefore, we must have made a mistake in the given solution for P(t).

To know more about differential equation refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/31583235

#SPJ11

find the derivative of the function. g ( x ) = ∫ 4 x 2 x u 2 − 5 u 2 5 d u [ hint: ∫ 4 x 2 x f ( u ) d u = ∫ 0 2 x f ( u ) d u ∫ 4 x 0 f ( u ) d u ]

Answers

The derivative of the function g(x) is g'(x) = 28x².

The derivative of the function g(x) can use the Fundamental of Calculus states that if f(x) is continuous on [a, b] then:

∫aˣ f(t) dt is differentiable on (a, b) and its derivative is f(x)

Integral with respect to x by differentiating the integrand with respect to u and then multiplying by the derivative of the upper limit of integration.

We can simplify the given integral using the provided hint:

g(x) = ∫4x²x (u² - 5u²/5)/5 du

g(x) = ∫0²x (u² - 5u²/5)/5 du - ∫0⁴x (u² - 5u²/5)/5 du

The first term on the right-hand side can be integrated as:

∫0²x (u² - 5u²/5)/5 du

= ∫0²x (u²/5 - u²) du

= [tex][(u^3/15) - (u^3/3)]_0^2x[/tex]

= (8x³/15) - (8x³/3)

= -4x³/3

The second term on the right-hand side can be integrated as:

∫0⁴x (u² - 5u²/5)/5 du

= ∫0⁴x (u²/5 - u²) du

=[tex][(u^3/15) - (u^3/3)]_0^4x[/tex]

= (64x³/15) - (64x³/3)

= -32x³

g(x) = -4x³/3 - (-32x³)

= 28x^³/3.

Now, we can differentiate g(x) with respect to x using the power rule:

g'(x) = d/dx [28x³/3]

= 28x²

For similar questions on derivative

https://brainly.com/question/28376218

#SPJ11

Find the net signed area between the curve of the function f(x)=x−1 and the x-axis over the interval [−7,3]. Do not include any units in your answer.

Answers

The net signed area between the curve of the function f(x) = x - 1 and the x-axis over the interval [-7, 3] is -41.

To find the net signed area between the curve of the function f(x) = x - 1 and the x-axis over the interval [-7, 3], we need to integrate the function from -7 to 3 and take into account the signed area.

The integral of f(x) = x - 1 over the interval [-7, 3] is given by:

∫[-7, 3] (x - 1) dx

Evaluating this integral, we get:

[tex]∫[-7, 3] (x - 1) dx = [1/2 * x^2 - x] [-7, 3]\\= [(1/2 * 3^2 - 3) - (1/2 * (-7)^2 - (-7))][/tex]

= [(9/2 - 3) - (49/2 + 7)]

= [9/2 - 3 - 49/2 - 7]

= (-27/2) - (55/2)

= -82/2

= -41

To know more about integral, refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/31109342

#SPJ11

Can balloons hold more air or more water before bursting? A student purchased a large bag of 12-inch balloons. He randomly selected 10 balloons from the bag and then randomly assigned half of them to be filled with air until bursting and the other half to be filled with water until bursting. He used devices to measure the amount of air and water was dispensed until the balloons burst. Here are the data. Air (ft) 0.52 0.58 0.50 0.55 0.61 Water (ft) 0.44 0.41 0.45 0.46 0.38Do the data give convincing evidence air filled balloons can attain a greater volume than water filled balloons?

Answers

Air-filled balloons have a greater average volume than water-filled balloons (0.552 ft³ compared to 0.428 ft³).

Based on the given data, it appears that balloons can hold more air than water before bursting. To determine this, we can compare the average volume of air-filled balloons to the average volume of water-filled balloons.
Calculate the average volume of air-filled balloons.
Add the air volumes: 0.52 + 0.58 + 0.50 + 0.55 + 0.61 = 2.76 ft³
Divide by the number of balloons: 2.76 ÷ 5 = 0.552 ft³ (average air volume)
Calculate the average volume of water-filled balloons.
Add the water volumes: 0.44 + 0.41 + 0.45 + 0.46 + 0.38 = 2.14 ft³
Divide by the number of balloons: 2.14 ÷ 5 = 0.428 ft³ (average water volume)
Compare the average volumes.
Air-filled balloons: 0.552 ft³
Water-filled balloons: 0.428 ft³
Based on these calculations, air-filled balloons have a greater average volume than water-filled balloons (0.552 ft³ compared to 0.428 ft³). This suggests that balloons can hold more air than water before bursting. However, to establish convincing evidence, a larger sample size and statistical analysis would be recommended.

Learn more about volume here, https://brainly.com/question/1972490

#SPJ11

in the one-way anova, the within-groups variance estimate is like _________ in two-way anova.

Answers

In one-way ANOVA, the within-groups variance estimate is like the error term in two-way ANOVA.

In one-way ANOVA, the within-groups variance estimate (also known as the error variance) measures the variability of the observations within each group. It is an estimate of the variation in the response variable that is not accounted for by the differences between the group means. The within-groups variance estimate is used to calculate the F-statistic, which is used to test whether there are significant differences among the means of the groups.

In two-way ANOVA, there are two factors that can affect the response variable. The within-groups variance estimate in two-way ANOVA is also an estimate of the variability of the observations within each group, but it takes into account the effects of both factors on the response variable. The within-groups variance estimate in two-way ANOVA is used to test for the main effects of the two factors, as well as their interaction effect. The error term in two-way ANOVA is used to calculate the F-statistic for each effect, and the p-value associated with each F-statistic is used to determine whether the effect is statistically significant.

To learn more about  variance visit:

brainly.com/question/14116780

#SPJ11

If the Gram-Schmidt process �s applied to determine the QR factorization of A. then. after the first two orthonormal vectors q1 and q2 are computed. we have: Finish the process: determine q3 and fill in the third column of Q and R.

Answers

You've completed the Gram-Schmidt process for QR factorization and filled in the third column of matrices Q and R: R(1,3) = a3 · q1, R(2,3) = a3 · q2, R(3,3) = a3 · q3

Given that you already have the first two orthonormal vectors q1 and q2, let's proceed with determining q3 and completing the third column of matrices Q and R.

Step 1: Calculate the projection of the original third column vector, a3, onto q1 and q2.
proj_q1(a3) = (a3 · q1) * q1
proj_q2(a3) = (a3 · q2) * q2

Step 2: Subtract the projections from the original vector a3 to obtain an orthogonal vector, v3.
[tex]v3 = a3 - proj_q1(a3) - proj_q2(a3)[/tex]

Step 3: Normalize the orthogonal vector v3 to obtain the orthonormal vector q3.
q3 = v3 / ||v3||

Now, let's fill in the third column of the Q and R matrices:

Step 4: The third column of Q is q3.

Step 5: Calculate the third column of R by taking the dot product of a3 with each of the orthonormal vectors q1, q2, and q3.
R(1,3) = a3 · q1
R(2,3) = a3 · q2
R(3,3) = a3 · q3

By following these steps, you've completed the Gram-Schmidt process for QR factorization and filled in the third column of matrices Q and R.

Learn more about Gram-schmidt process here:

https://brainly.com/question/30761089


#SPJ11

prove or disprove: if the columns of a square (n × n) matrix a are linearly independent, so are the rows of a3 = aaa.

Answers

The statement is true, if the columns of a square matrix A are linearly independent, then so are the rows of A^3 = AAA.


Let A be an n x n matrix whose columns are linearly independent, and let B = A^3 = AAA. We want to show that the rows of B are also linearly independent.

Suppose that there exists a linear combination of the rows of B that equals the zero vector, i.e.
c1 B1 + c2 B2 + ... + cn Bn = 0
where B1, B2, ..., Bn are the rows of B and c1, c2, ..., cn are constants.

We can rewrite this as
(c1 A^3)_1 + (c2 A^3)_2 + ... + (cn A^3)_n = 0

where (c1 A^3)_1 denotes the first row of c1 A^3, and so on.
Expanding A^3 as AAA, we get
(c1 AAA)_1 + (c2 AAA)_2 + ... + (cn AAA)_n = 0

Multiplying both sides by A^-1 on the left, we get
(c1 A)_1 + (c2 A)_2 + ... + (cn A)_n = 0

This means that the columns of A are linearly dependent, which contradicts our assumption. Therefore, the rows of B = A^3 are linearly independent if the columns of A are linearly independent.

In summary, if the columns of a square matrix A are linearly independent, then so are the rows of A^3 = AAA.

Know more about the linearly independent,

https://brainly.com/question/31328368

#SPJ11

According to the U. S. Census, 67. 5% of the U. S. Population were born in their state of residence. In a random sample of 200 Americans, what is the probability that fewer than 125 were born in their state of residence?

Answers

The given information states that 67.5% of the U.S. population were born in their state of residence. This implies that the probability of an individual being born in their state of residence is 0.675.

To calculate the probability, we can use the binomial probability formula. Let X be the number of individuals born in their state of residence in a sample of 200. We want to find P(X < 125). Using the binomial probability formula, we can calculate the cumulative probability for X < 125:

P(X < 125) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + ... + P(X = 124)

This calculation requires summing the probabilities for each value of X from 0 to 124. The formula for the binomial probability of X successes in a sample of size n is:

P(X = k) =[tex]C(n, k) * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k)[/tex]

Where C(n, k) is the binomial coefficient, p is the probability of success (0.675 in this case), and n is the sample size (200). By calculating the probabilities for each value of X and summing them, we can find the probability that fewer than 125 individuals were born in their state of residence in the sample.

Learn more about probability here:

https://brainly.com/question/31828911

#SPJ11

The seagull population on a small island in the Atlantic Ocean can be calculated using the formula


P(t) = 5. 3/11/?, where P is the population in hundred thousands, and t is in years. What will the seagull


population on the island be after 5 years? (Round to the nearest tenth. )


a. About 41. 6 hundred thousand


c. About 172. 4 hundred thousand


about 3. 7 x 10' hundred thousand d. About 66. 5 hundred thousand

Answers

After five years, there will be roughly 41.6 hundred thousand (a) seagulls living on the small island in the Atlantic Ocean.

To determine the population of seagulls after five years, we can use the following formula and plug in t = 5 as the variable:

P(5) = 5.3 / (11/5) = 5.3 * (5/11) ≈ 2.409

We need to multiply the result by 100,000 in order to get the real population, which is represented by the letter P, which stands for "hundred thousands."

P(5) ≈ 2.409 * 100,000 ≈ 240,900

When we round this value down to the next tenth, we get a number that is close to 240,900.

As a result, the number of seagulls on the island will be close to 41.6 million after five years, which is equivalent to around 240,900 seagulls.

Please take note that the calculated result does not match any of the options that have been provided (a, c, or d). The number that comes the closest, which would be 41.6 hundred thousand, is not one of the options.

Learn more about formula here:

https://brainly.com/question/28537638

#SPJ11

(7 points) assuming you have a valid max-heap with 7 elements such that a post-order traversaloutputs the sequence 1, 2, . . . , 6, 7. what is the sum of all nodes of height h = 1?

Answers

The sum of all nodes of height h = 1 is 6.

In a max-heap, the parent node always has a higher value than its children. Additionally, in a post-order traversal of a max-heap, the parent node is visited after its children.

Given that the post-order traversal outputs the sequence 1, 2, ..., 6, 7, we can determine the heights of the nodes as follows:

Node 7: Height 0 (root)

Node 6: Height 1

Nodes 1, 2: Height 2

Nodes 3, 4, 5: Height 3

To find the sum of all nodes of height h = 1, we need to consider the nodes at height 1, which in this case is just Node 6.

Know more about node here:

https://brainly.com/question/30885569

#SPJ11

Write a number with one decimal place, that is bigger than 5 1/3 but smaller than 5. 5

Answers

The number that is bigger than 5 1/3 but smaller than 5.5 and has one decimal place is 5.4.

To find a number that is bigger than 5 1/3 but smaller than 5.5, we need to consider the values in between these two numbers. 5 1/3 can be expressed as a decimal as 5.33, and 5.5 is already in decimal form.

We are looking for a number between these two values with one decimal place.

Since 5.4 falls between 5.33 and 5.5, and it has one decimal place, it satisfies the given conditions.

The digit after the decimal point in 5.4 represents tenths, making it a number with one decimal place.

Therefore, the number 5.4 is bigger than 5 1/3 but smaller than 5.5 and fulfills the requirement of having one decimal place.

Learn more about decimal form here:

https://brainly.com/question/20699628

#SPJ11

Other Questions
Scores on a final exam in a large class were normally distributed with a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 8. What percent of the students scored above an 83? what happens at night but not in day? The book night chapter two 13. A distant quasar is found to be moving away from the earth at 0.80 c . A galaxy closer to the earth and along the same line of sight is moving away from us at 0.60 c .What is the recessional speed of the quasar, as a fraction of c, as measured by astronomers in the other galaxy? how does the line i am hitherto your daughter. but here's my husband. reveal a character who is strong and confident? To double the total energy of a mass oscillating at the end of a spring with amplitude A, we need to a. increase the angular frequency by square 2. b. increase the amplitude by square 2. c. increase the amplitude by 2. d. increase the angular frequency by 2. e. increase the amplitude by 4 and decrease the angular frequency by 1/2. why does he take direct actions to make himself king when he couldlet "chance...crown [him] without [his] stir"? The normal distribution tails ____________ Multiple choice question. Touch the horizontal axis. Never go up again after crossing the horizontal axis. Never touch the horizontal axis. Go up again after crossing the horizontal axis find an equation of the curve whose tangent line has a slope of given that the point (1,) is on the curve. The function f(x) satisfying f'(x) = 5x and f(-1) = -7 is f(x)= 1. It is assumed that the distribution of the number of pets per household in the US is right-skewed. We suppose the mean is around 3.5 pets with a standard deviation of 1.7 pets. (a) Since the distribution of number of pets per household is right skewed, would the majority of households in the US have a number of pets that is greater than or less than 3.5? (b) Suppose 60 households are randomly selected from Irvine, and we ask them the number of pets that they have and calculate the mean number. What is the expected value of the mean number of pets that the 60 households have? (c) Suppose 60 households are randomly selected from Irvine, and we ask them the number of pets that they have and calculate the mean number. What is the standard deviation of the mean number of pets per household in the sample of 60 households? (Round your answer to 4 decimal places) (d) Why is the standard deviation of the average number of pets per household in the sample of 60 households computed in part (c) much lower than the population standard deviation of 1.7 pets? (e) Suppose that we randomly select a household in Irvine. Could we calculate the probability that this household has more than 4 pets? If so, find this probability. If not, explain why this would not be possible. (f) Suppose 60 households are chosen randomly and their mean number of pets her household is com- puted. Based on the Central Limit Theorem (CLT), what is the approximate probability that the average number of pets in the sample of 60 households is greater than 4? (Round your answer to 3 sig figs) A circular wire loop with radius 0.10 m and resistance 50 is suspended horizontally in a magnetic field of magnitude B directed upward at an angle of 60 with the vertical, as shown above. The magnitude of the field in teslas is given as a function of time in seconds by the equation B = 4(1-0.2t). (a) Determine the magnetic flux o, through the loop as a function of time (b) Graph the magnetic flux as a function of time on the axes below. (Tom) 0.101- 1 0.05-of 8 9 10(8) (c) Determine the magnitude of the induced emf in the loop. (d) i. Determine the magnitude of the induced current in the loop ii. Show the direction of the induced current on the following diagram Vertical 160 0.10 m (e) Determine the energy dissipated in the loop from / 0 to 1 = 4 s. why is my elf bar light staying on and making noise 2. draw lewis structures and predict molecular geometries for dimethyl sulfide, (ch3)2s, and dimethyl sulfoxide, (ch3)2so. how will the csc bond angles differ? is 2(ch3)(ch2)2ch3 13o2 an single replacement or double replacement 1. What is a benefit of customizing the size of the Virtual memory?2. Why would it be beneficial to move the Virtual memory to a different physical disk than the (C:) drive? In an L-C circuit, C = 3.23 F and L = 82.0 mH . During the oscillations the maximum current in the inductor is 0.850 mA .A)What is the maximum charge on the capacitor?B)What is the magnitude of the charge on the capacitor at an instant when the current in the inductor has magnitude 0.493 mA ? heating a sample too quickly in the mp apparatus will result in The pressure difference applied across (meaning along the length of) a horizontal tube in which corn syrup is flowing would have to be increased if the tubea. was substantially longer than what it currently is.b. was held at a higher elevation for its entire length.c. was carrying a type of corn syrup with lower viscosity.d. had to carry a smaller syrup volume per second.e. had an even slightly larger cross-sectional diameter. A vaccine costs $200 per patient. Administration of the vaccine to 1,000 (so, increasing cost by $200,000) people is expected to increase the number of pain-free days for this population from 360,000 to 362,000 (2,000 more pain free days). Calculate the cost per additional pain-free day due to vaccination. Is the vaccination a good investment? When designing in a clear vase, give 2 examples of a "mechanic" used to hold the flowers in place: a)b) The Internet of Things evolution illustrates a new model of strategy called:1 Product proliferation2 Diagonal diversifation3 Competing through services4 Economies of scale