The absolute configuration of any of the amino acid is :
H H
| |
HOOC - C - NH₂ H₂N - C - COOH
| |
CH₃ CH₃
The configuration of the amino acid is indicated by the pointing H at the rear, the R group is in the right direction , The COOH group is in the left direction and the NH₃ group in the upward direction.
H H
| |
HOOC - C - NH₂ H₂N - C - COOH
| |
CH₃ CH₃
D - amino acid L - amino acid
The proteins which are naturally obtained are consist of the L - amino acid. The L - of the amino acid are the one that found in the nature easily.
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A. Na,P
B.N.O
C. CaSO
D. CHO
22. Label each of the following as either an ionic compound or covalent/molecular
compound. Remember that metal-nonmetal implies ionic and
nonmetal-nonmetal implies covalent
1. Na₃P = Ionic compound ; 2. N₂O = covalent compound ; 3. CaSO₄ = Ionic compound; 4. Cl₂O₇ = covalent compound.
How do ionic and covalent compounds work?When a metal and a nonmetal react, ionic compounds are typically created (or a polyatomic ion). When two nonmetals interact chemically, covalent molecules are produced. As it is a nonmetal, binary compounds containing hydrogen are covalent compounds as well.
What distinguishes ionic and covalent bonding from one another?An atom can participate in covalent and ionic bonds that are considered as the two main types of bonds. By electron sharing, two or more than two atoms can form covalent bonds. When two or more than two ions come together, their opposing charges bind them together to form ionic bonds.
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The number of objects in a mole of something is dictated by which constant?
The number of objects in one mole of something is determined by Avogadro's constant.
Avogadro is known for his contributions to science related to Avogadro's Law, which is a law that states the relationship between the volume of a gas and the number of molecules.
The results of his research were published in 1811 in the Journal de Physique De Lamétherie, de Chimie et d'Histoire naturelle.
In addition, Avogadro also succeeded in formulating the Molecular Theory, which stated that particles could be composed of molecules, where these molecules could be composed of simpler units or atoms.
For this service, the world of science today knows the name Avogadro's Number or Constant = 6.022 × 10²³
This number or constant is used to express the number of particles in one mole of a substance.
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How will you calculate the partial pressure of gas using Dalton's Law of partial pressures?
The overall pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases, according to Dalton's Law, also known as Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures.
The partial pressure law of Dalton states that
The sum of the partial pressures of the various gases determines the overall pressure that a mixture of gases exerts.
mathematical formula:
P(total) = P1 + P2 +... P (n)
P1 = One gas's partial pressure
P2 is the second gas's partial pressure.
Pn is the partial pressure of n gases.
so to find the patial pressure can be cal culate as follows
P (n)= P(total) - P1 + P2+....
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Be sure to answer all parts. Calculate the formal charge on each second-row atom: :örö-ö: O#1 O#2 O#3 Enter your answers in the provided boxes. Be sure to answer all parts. Assign formal charges to the N and O atom in the given molecule. All lone pairs have been drawn in. -N=0: N: 0: How many covalent bonds are predicted for an atom of N? Enter your answer in the provided box. Select the single best answer. Label the bond in the following compound as ionic or covalent. НІ Covalent Ionic
Covalent bonds are frequently created between the non-metals. These bonds are produced when the atoms are linked electrons. Knowing the number of covalent bonds that exist between any two atoms.
What are three facts about electrons?On the exterior of the nucleus, the negative charge particles termed as electrons spin. They spin so swiftly that it can be hard for scientists to keep up with them. The tiniest particle in an atom are drawn towards the metal cation of the protons; 2000 of them can fit within one proton.
What is an example of an electron?The electron, the smallest constituent part of an atom, has a negatively charged. The quantity of protons and electrons in an atom is equal.
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What is ethanol? how can it improve global climate change?
Ethanol, a type of grain alcohol that may be combined with gasoline and used in vehicles, is beneficial to the environment because it is a renewable fuel that is produced from biomass.
Additionally, ethanol burns cleaner and more thoroughly than either gasoline or diesel. Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere as the grain or biomass used to produce ethanol takes it in as part of its growth process, making ethanol a cleaner alternative to gasoline.
By using grain-based ethanol instead of gasoline, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by 44-52%, as reported by the Argonne National Laboratory of the United States Department of Energy. Similarly, a team of experts from Harvard, MIT, and Tufts found that modern corn ethanol reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 46% compared to gasoline.
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True or False: The particulate matter in emissions such as smoke and soot consist of ____(tiny) particles.
Answer:
true
Explanation:
Particle pollution — also called particulate matter (PM) — is made up of particles (tiny pieces) of solids or liquids that are in the air. These particles may include: Dust; Dirt; Soot; Smoke;
currents used in electrical facial and scalp
The current for facial and scalp treatments is measured in milliamperes.
A unit that measures the resistance of an electric current. A measurement of how much electric energy is in one second.
Electric current is measured using the milliampere unit. The electrical current that is equal to the passage of one coulomb per second is one milliampere or 1/1,000 of an ampere. The SI base unit for electric current is the ampere, and the milliampere is a multiple of the ampere. "Milli" serves as the metric prefix for the numbers 10-3. Sometimes a milliampere is referred to as a milliamp. The abbreviation for milliamperes is mA; for instance, 1 mA can be used to represent 1 milliampere.
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Jill mixes two types of concentrations of hci (hydrochloric acid): 0. 375 liters of 25% hydrochloric acid, and 0. 625 liters of 65% hydrochloric acid.
Jill combines two different sorts of HCl (hydrochloric acid) concentrations: 0. 375 liters of 25% and 0. 625 liters of 65%. The mixed solution will have an HCl concentration of 1L of 50% HCl.
In this case, we're interested in learning the concentration of HCl as a proportion of the total amount.
First off, the combined volume is 0.375 + 0.625 = 1 L.
The percentage can be calculated as follows:
37.5% of the required 25% is present.
while 62.5% of the 75% are in presence
When we talk about the percentage present, we're talking about the 1 total liter that is there.
Consequently, the final mixture's concentration will be;
(37.5% of 25) + (62.5% of 65)
= 9.375% + 40.625%
50% is obtained by adding both.
Therefore, the concentration is 1L of 50% HCl.
Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was
Jill mixes two types of concentrations od hci (hydrochloric acid) 0.375 liters of 25% hydrochloric acid and 0.625 liters of 65% hydrochloric acid. what is the hcl concentration in the mixed solution?
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I'll give brainliest this is making 0 sense
The following data was collected when a reaction was performed experimentally in the laboratory.
Reaction Data
Reactants Products
Fe2O3 Al Al2O3 Fe
Starting Amount in Reaction 3 moles 5 moles ? ?
Determine the maximum amount of Fe that was produced during the experiment. Explain how you determined this amount.
No underwater luminaires shall be installed in a permanently-installed swimming pool that operates on supply circuits over ? between conductors.
No luminaires shall be installed for operation on supply circuits over 150 volts between conductors. Luminaires mounted in walls shall be installed with the top of the luminaire lens not less than 450 mm (18 in.)
In an electrical installation, what is a luminaire?
A luminaire, also known as a light fixture, is a complete lighting assembly that includes one or more lamps (light bulbs or tubes), a socket and other protective elements, wiring that links the lamp to a power source, and a reflector to help direct and spread the light.
The construction, installation, or inclusion of shades or guards on luminaires is required to prevent the exposure of combustible materials to temperatures above 90°C (194°F). Unswitched lamp holders must be used above materials that are very flammable.
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The isomerization of cyclopropane to propylene is a first-order process with a half-life of 19 minutes at 500oc. The time it takes for the partial pressure of cyclopropane to decrease from 1. 0 atmosphere to 0. 125 atmosphere at 500oc is closest to.
The isomerization of cyclopropane to propylene is a first-order process with a half-life of 19 minutes at 500oc. The time it takes for the partial pressure of cyclopropane to decrease from 1. 0 atmosphere to 0. 125 atmosphere at 500oc is closest to 57 minutes.
First, we must get the rate constant.
k= 0.693/ 19 = 0.0365 min⁻¹
Now we need to figure out how long decay takes.
First order kinetics' expression for the rate law is provided by:
t= (2.303/k) log a/(a-x)
where,
Rate constant = k
t = time it took for decay to occur.
Initial reactant pressure equals 1.0 atm, or a.
After the process of decay, a - x equals 0.125 atm of pressure.
After entering all the values into the equation above, we get
t= (2.303/0.0365) log 1/(1-0.125)
t = 57 min
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Why does convection occur? (1 point)
O Heat flows through the air as electromagnetic radiation, transferring energy without matter.
Heat increases the kinetic energy of molecules; the molecules have greater energy when they collide,
increasing energy transfer.
O Heat causes fluids to become less dense; so warmer fluids rise above cooler fluids, transferring energy.
O
O
Heat is released during some types of reactions and absorbed during others, transferring energy to the
system or surroundings.
Answer:
see full answer in below
Explanation:
Convection occurs when heat is transferred through a fluid, such as air or water. Heat is transferred by three main mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation. Convection occurs when the molecules of a fluid are heated, causing them to move faster and become less dense. This causes the warmer, less dense fluid to rise above the cooler, denser fluid, creating a convection current. This current transfers energy from the warmer fluid to the cooler fluid, allowing heat to be transferred throughout the system.
29130
UO 1601m9
Hower
2. How many grams are in 0.50 mol of copper (II) sulfate?
Transform something quickly: Using the molecular mass finder and the number of moles of CuSO4, 1 mole of Copper(II) sulphate equals 159.6086 gram.
1 mole in grams, how much?
Theoretically, the Carbon-12 atom has this atomic mass As a result, a mole of carbon is exactly equivalent to a gram of carbon, or its atomic mass or weight (12 grams). It is known as a 1 molecular (1M) solution when a substance is dissolved in 1 liter of liquid (1mol/L), a 0.5 molecular (0.5M) solution when it is dissolved in 2 liters of liquid (0.5mol/L), and so on.
What is 1 mole's molarity?
A solution that contains 1 mole of a substance dissolved in a volume of 1 litre is known as a 1 molar solution. For instance: One mole (or one gram) of table salt (NaCl) has a molecular weight of 58.44, making 58.44g the molecular mass of one gram. The number of molecules per liter, denoted by the unit signature mol/L or mol/dm3 for SI units, is the most often used unit denoting molarity in chemistry. One mol/L of a solution's concentration is referred to as one molar, or 1 M.
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2.0 moles of gas occupies 44.8 L
at STP. What volume is required
to hold 6.0 moles of gas?
Answer:
134.4 L
Explanation:
At standard temperature and pressure (S.T.P) one mole of any given gas occupies 22.414 dm^3 or 22.414 L (as 1 dm^3 = 1 L ).
So 2 moles at S.T.P would occupy: 2 x 22.414 L = 44.8 L
Similarly,
6 moles of a gas at S.T.P would occupy: 6 x 22.414 = 134.4 L
Answer: 134.4 L
Explanation:
6 moles of a gas at S.T.P would occupy: 6 x 22.414 = 134.4 L
Which two particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
Answer:
electrically positive protons and electrically neutral neutrons.
Explanation:
Atomic nuclei consist of electrically positive protons and electrically neutral neutrons. These are held together by the strongest known fundamental force, called the strong force. The nucleus makes up much less than . 01% of the volume of the atom, but typically contains more than 99.9% of the mass of the atom.
Answer;
Protons and Neutrons
Explanation;
Well, a nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, soo these are the particles
hence Neutrons and Protons.
Below is the structure for the antibiotic mycomycin. How many sp3, sp2, sp hybridized carbons does it have? How many hybridized carbons is there???
The antibiotic mycomycin has seven sp3, sp2, and sp hybridized carbons in its structure. There are a total of seven hybridized carbons in the molecule.
The antibiotic mycomycin is a type of polyketide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces mycomyceticus. It is used to treat various infections, including those caused by bacterial parasites, fungi, and protozoa. Mycomycin works by inhibiting the formation of bacterial cell walls, leading to the death of the infected cells. It is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungal species.
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Draw bond-line structures for all constitutional isomers of C5H12.
The constitutional isomers of C5H12 are pentane, 2-methylbutane, isopentane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, and cyclopentane.
Pentane:
H-C-C-C-C-H
| | |
H-C-C-C-H
2-Methylbutane:
H-C-C-C-C-H
| | |
H-C-C-C-H
|
CH3
Isopentane:
H-C-C-C-C-H
| | |
H-C-C-C-H
|
CH3
2,2-Dimethylpropane:
H-C-C-C-C-H
| | |
H-C-C-C-H
| |
CH3-C-CH3
Cyclopentane:
H
\
C-C-C-C-C
/
H
Isomers:
Isomers are compounds that have the same chemical formula but different atomic arrangements. They may be constitutional isomers, which have different atomic arrangements in their main chain, or stereoisomers.
Isomers can also be classified as positional isomers, which differ in the position of a functional group within a molecule.
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I need help please anyone?!!
Answer:
# of neutrons
Explanation:
its how isotope is defined
How many grams of oxygen are in a sample of carbon dioxide (co2) that has 24 grams of c?.
There are 64g grams of oxygen are in a sample of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that has 24 grams of carbon.
First, carbon and oxygen combine to create CO₂as shown below.
C + O₂ => CO₂
The equation states that one mole of carbon combines with one mole of oxygen to produce one mole of carbon dioxide.
Since C's molar mass is 12 g/mol and O's is 16 g/mol
A mole of (C) weighs 12g.
O₂ is composed of 16(2) = 32g per mole.
As a result, 24g of C would equal 24 32 / 12.
= 768/12
= 64g
Therefore, if there was 24g of carbon, there would be 64g of oxygen.
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caused by the intense heat that comes from the surfaces of streets roofs of buildings. Iker convinces his teacher to do an experiment. V of other students, Iker builds a rooftop garden to cover one half of building. For one semester, Iker records the air temperature on the building with the rooftop garden and the half of the building witho garden. He finds that the average temperature near the rooftop ga The average temperature away from the garden is 29°C.Iker is worried about global warming. He believes that much of the problem is caused by the intense heat that comes from the surfaces of streets and the roofs of buildings. Iker convinces his teacher to do an experiment. With the he of other students, Iker builds a rooftop garden to cover one half of his school building. For one semester, Iker records the air temperature on the half of the building with the rooftop garden and the half of the building without the garden. He finds that the average temperature near the rooftop garden is 23° The average temperature away from the garden is 29°C.
Air Temperature is the manipulated variable for the global warming.
Explain about global warming?
Global warming is the long-term warming of the planet due to human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, raising the Earth’s average temperature. Global warming is causing sea levels to rise, glaciers and Arctic ice to melt, and more extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, floods, and hurricanes. In addition, global warming is affecting ecosystems and biodiversity, as species struggle to adapt to the changing climate. To address global warming, we must reduce our greenhouse gas emissions and transition to renewable energy sources.
The manipulated variable for the global warming experiment is Air Temperature. This is because Iker is measuring the air temperature on the half of the building with the rooftop garden and the half of the building without the garden in order to compare the difference in air temperature between the two locations.
Therefore, option a Air Temperature is the correct answer.
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What type of heat transfer heats the air in our homes?
Answer:
Conduction: Heat traveling through a solid material. On hot days, heat is conducted into your home through the roof, walls, and windows.
Explanation:
That's a quick answer from gooogle, i hope this helps you :D
Answer:
Heat transfers through solid materials via conduction. The roof, walls, and windows of your house all carry heat on hot days.
Explanation:
How many grams of phosphoric acid are formed from 36.4 grams of sulfuric acid?
The amount of phosphoric acid that can be formed from 36.4 grams of sulfuric acid would be 24.50 grams.
Stoichiometric problemPhosphoric acid can be formed from sulfuric acid when the acid is reacted with calcium phosphate according to the following balanced equation:
[tex]Ca_3(PO_4)_2 + 3H_2SO_4 -- > 3CaSO_4 + 2H_3PO_4[/tex]
From the equation of the reaction, the mole ratio of sulfuric acid to phosphoric acid is 3:2.
The equivalent mole of 36.4 grams of sulfuric acid would be:
Mole = mass/molar mass
= 36.4/98
= 0.37 mol
From the mole ratio, the mole of phosphoric acid formed would be:
2/3 x 0.37 = 0.25 mol
Mass of 0.25 mol phosphoric acid = 0.25 x 98 = 24.50 grams
In other words, the amount of phosphoric acid that would be formed from 36.4 grams of sulfuric acid will be 24.50 grams.
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Do particles of different masses have the same average speed at a given temperature?
No, particles of different masses do not have the same average speed at a given temperature.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles. Since particles of different masses have different amounts of kinetic energy due to their different masses, they will have different average speeds.
This means that particles of different masses do not have the same average speed at a given temperature. The higher the mass of the particle, the lower the average speed at the same temperature.
This is because when the mass of the particle increases, the amount of kinetic energy also increases, resulting in a slower average speed. On the other hand, particles with a lower mass will have a higher average speed at the same temperature because they have less kinetic energy.
This is why particles of different masses do not have the same average speed at a given temperature.
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suppose your given a Stock solution of 15..110 M nitric acid. what volume of water must you add have ready to add your acid to (in mL) to prepare a solution with a nitric acid molar concentration of 2.895 M and a volume of 602.244 mL?
The volume of water must you add have ready to add your acid to (in mL) to prepare a solution with a nitric acid molar concentration of 2.895 M and a volume of 602.244 mL is 487.02 mL
What is the dilution formula?The dilution formula is used to determine the concentration and volume of reagents in a dilution process of acids, bases, or any other solution.
The dilution formula is:
C₁V₁ = C₂V₂
where;
C₁ is the initial concentration
V₁ is the initial volume
C₂ is the final concentration
V₂ is the final volume
Using the dilution formula:
V₁ = C₂V₂/C₁
V₁ = 602.44 * 2.895 / 15.110
V₁ = 115.42 mL
The volume of water needed = 602.44 - 115.42 mL
The volume of water needed = 487.02 mL
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Based on the electron configuration of the
two atoms, predict the ratio of magnesium to
bromine in the compound.
Magnesium 1s²2s²2p^6 3s²
Bromine 1s²2s²2p63s²3p64s²3d¹º4p5
A. 2:1
C. 1:1
B. 3:1
D. 1:2
The ratio of magnesium to bromine in the compound will be 1:2 that is option D obtained by the electronic configuration.
Describe electron configuration.The arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure is referred to as its electron configuration; for instance, the electron configuration of the neon atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6.
What are the four different electron configuration types?One orbital can accommodate a maximum of two electrons and comes in four different shapes: s, p, d, and f. Because they contain various sublevels, the p, d, and f orbitals may each hold more electrons. As previously mentioned, the electron configuration of each element depends on where it sits in the periodic table.
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Calculate the molar concentrations of the ions in each solution
18g of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4(s), dissolved in 210 mL of solution
The molarity of the sodium ion is 0.31 M while the molarity of the sulfate ion is 0.62 M.
What is the molarity?First of all, we would have to establish that the molarity would be the same as the concentration of the substance. We know that we can be able to obtain the concentration from the number of moles and the volume of the solution thus we would need to use the mass the substance that we have to be able to obtain the number of moles of the solution that we have.
Mass of the sodium sulfate = mass/molar mass
18 g/142 g/mol
= 0.13 moles
Now we know that;
Molarity of the substance = 0.13 moles/0.21 L
= 0.62 M
Number of moles of the sodium ions = 0.62 M/2 = 0.31 M
Number of moles of the sulfate ions = 0.62 M
These are the ions in the solution.
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18. Which element would have this electron configuration? 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
A. Carbon
B. Silicon
C. Radon
D. Germanium
How many grams (g) are in 4.25 moles of Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) ?
One mole of magnesium chloride has a mass of 95 g. Then the mass of 4.25 moles of magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) is 403.7 g.
What is magnesium chloride ?Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound with the chemical formula, MgCl₂. It formed through the donation of two valence electrons from the metal magnesium to the chlorine atoms.
The mass of one mole of a compound is called its molar mass. The number of moles of the compound is then the ratio of its given mass to the molar mass.
Atomic mass of Mg = 24 g/mol
atomic mass of Cl = 35.5 g/mol
mass of 2 Cl = 71 g
Then, molar mass of MgCl₂ = 24 + 71 g = 95 g/mol
One mole of MgCl₂ is 95 g. Then, mass of 4.25 moles of MgCl₂ is
4.95 × 95 = 403.7 g
Therefore, the mass of 4.95 moles of MgCl₂ is 403.7 g.
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Choose the correct pairing from the following possibilities.
O CH3CH2CH2NH2, propylamine
O CH3CH2OCHg, weak base
O CH2CH2NH2, ethyl ether
O CH2CH2OCH2CH3, reacts with acid to form an ammonium salt.
The correct pairing from the following possibilities is CH2CH2OCH2CH3, reacts with acid to form an ammonium salt.
The measured pseudo-first-order rate constants (k) and their dependence on salt concentrations Here, we plot the rate constants as a function of cation (ammonium or sodium) concentration rather than the overall ionic strength because we observe that ammonium ion concentration better correlates with changes in the observed rate constants.
Decarboxylation of OAA occurs slowly in pure water, and we remeasured the rate of this process in control experiments. The change in the absorbance spectrum over time can We determined the uncatalyzed rate constant for the decarboxylation to be (5.24 ± 0.95) × 10−5 s−1 as an average and standard deviation of two measurements, which shows good agreement with previous work (5.5 × 10−5 s−1).20.
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I'll give brainliest this is making no sense:( can someone please help me. No fake answer please..
Back in 1920, one of the most sought-after jobs on the East Coast was as a dial painter at a watch factory. These workers were all female, and they absolutely loved their jobs. These girls were instructed to paint the number on a watch with paint laced with an element called radium.
Years later, many of these workers developed many medical problems with their bones. Some girls lost their jaw bones, and others' bones broke when they walked across a room. Several doctors thought that phosphorus poisoned the girls' bones. Their companies insisted that radium was not damaging their bones to avoid a lawsuit.
Answer the questions below to answer the big questions:
• Was it the radium or the phosphorus that poisoned the girls' bones?
• Were the factories responsible for the girls' sicknesses?
1. Calcium from milk and dairy in the diet is stored in bone tissue until humans are in their mid-20s. Calcium moves around the body as an ion. Doctors suspected that another ion - either phosphorus or radium - was deposited instead of calcium in the workers' bones. How could you use the periodic table to figure this out?
2. In 1920, no one knew about ions. Which substance is more likely to act as calcium ions in bones of young shopworkers?
Use the organizer below to identify important patterns in calcium ions compared to radium and phosphorus and determine which element- phosphorus or radium- is more likely to have replaced the calcium ions in the workers' bodies and caused their ailments.
Characteristics of Calcium Ions:
Reasons it could be Phosphorus:
Reasons it couldn't be Phosphorus:
Reasons it could be Radium:
Reasons it couldn't be Radium:
3. Argument: What do you think is the source of the poisoning, Phosphorus or Radium? From a chemistry perspective, are the shop owners responsible for poisoning the workers with radium?
1. Calcium has an atomic number of 20 and phosphorus has an atomic number of 15, while radium has an atomic number of 88. This can be used to determine which element was most likely deposited in the workers' bones in place of calcium.
2. Calcium. This is because calcium is an element with an atomic number of 20, meaning it has 20 protons in its nucleus. It is also found in abundance both in the human body and in many foods, making it easy to obtain and store in the body.
Characteristics of Calcium Ions:
- Has a charge of +2
- Located in column 2 of the periodic table
- Atomic number of 20
Reasons it could be Phosphorus:
- Has a charge of +3
- Located in column 3 of the periodic table
- Atomic number of 15
Reasons it couldn't be Phosphorus:
- Has a higher charge than calcium
- Has a different atomic number than calcium
Reasons it could be Radium:
- Has a charge of +2
- Located in column 7 of the periodic table
- Atomic number of 88
Reasons it couldn't be Radium:
- Has a different atomic number than calcium
- Is located in a far different column than calcium on the periodic table
Conclusion
Based on the evidence, it is likely that the source of the poisoning was radium, and from a chemistry perspective, the shop owners were responsible for exposing the workers to this element and, as such, are responsible for their illnesses.