The vessel commonly accessed for blood collection in the rat is the lateral tail vein.
In rats, the lateral tail vein is a commonly accessed vessel for blood collection. The tail vein is relatively easily accessible, and blood sampling from this vessel is a commonly used method in research and laboratory settings.
The lateral tail vein runs along the length of the rat's tail, and it is relatively large in diameter compared to other vessels, making it suitable for blood collection.
The procedure involves restraining the rat and gently applying pressure to the tail to dilate the vein, making it easier to locate and access.
Collecting blood from the tail vein in rats is a minimally invasive procedure that allows for repeated sampling over time without causing significant harm or discomfort to the animal.
It is often used for various purposes such as routine blood testing, pharmacokinetic studies, and monitoring health or experimental conditions.
The accessibility and relatively large size of the lateral tail vein make it a preferred choice for blood collection in rats, providing a convenient and effective method for obtaining blood samples for research and experimental purposes.
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Suppose a mouse develops loss of sodium pump activity in the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle in all of the nephrons in both kidneys. What problem would you expect this mouse to have?.
A tendency to drink more water than normal accompanied by excretion of dilute urine.
What happens in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle?Sodium chloride (NaCl) is actively reabsorbed by the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, but water cannot pass through it. A lumen-to-interstitium osmotic gradient and medullary interstitial hypertonicity are consequently produced as a result of this segment's increase in the interstitial fluid's osmolality.
If the sodium pump loses its activity then sodium is not reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle. The concentration of sodium chloride increases in the interstitial fluid and hence more water will be needed to counter the effect and more dilute urine will be excreted out.
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in humans, advanced aging mimics many symptoms of mitochondrial dysfunction. This provides support for:
The mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as one of the key hallmarks aging process and is linked to the development of numerous age-related pathologies including metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
Mitochondrial dysfunctionChronic (long-term), hereditary, and frequently inherited ailments known as mitochondrial illnesses take place when mitochondria are unable to create enough energy for the body to function normally. When a condition is inherited, it indicates that parents have passed it on to their offspring. In addition to developing at any age, mitochondrial illnesses can be present at birth.
Affected organs by mitochondrial illnesses include the brain, nerves, muscles, kidneys, heart, liver, eyes, ears, and pancreas. They can also affect the cells of the kidneys. When the mitochondria don't perform as well as they should as a result of another illness or condition, mitochondrial dysfunction arises.
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M.A. Seol, I.S. Chu, M.J. Lee, G.R. Yu, X.D. Cui, B.H. Cho, E.K. Ahn, S.H. Leem, I.H. Kim, D.G. Kim, Genome-wide expression patterns associated with oncogenesis and sarcomatous transdifferentation of cholangiocarcinoma, BMC cancer, 11 (2011) 78.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a highly lethal malignant tumor that arises from the biliary tract epithelium.
Abstract:Background:
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) oncogenesis and development are largely unknown molecular processes. The objective of this study was to map the expression of genes involved in CC oncogenesis and sarcomatous transdifferentiation across the entire genome.
Methods:
DNA microarray technology was used to find the genes that differed in expression between CC cell lines or tissues and cultivated normal biliary epithelial (NBE) cells. Expressions were verified in CC tissues and cells from humans.
Results:
We found a group of 342 genes that are often regulated (>2-fold change) in cell line and tissue samples using unsupervised hierarchical clustering technique. 289 of them, including tumour suppressor genes, were downregulated, while 53 of them, including genes connected to tumours, were elevated (0.5 fold change). Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the expression of SPP1, EFNB2, E2F2, IRX3, PTTG1, PPAR, KRT17, UCHL1, IGFBP7, and SPARC proteins in human and hamster CC tissues. When sarcomatoid CC cells were compared to three adenocarcinomatous CC cell lines, additional unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis found 292 differently upregulated genes (>4-fold change) and 267 differentially downregulated genes (0.25 fold change). Immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry labelling were used to confirm that 12 proteins were expressed in the CC cell lines. We discovered that during the sarcomatoid transdifferentiation of CC, the methylation-silenced proteins LDHB, BNIP3, UCHL1, and NPTX2 were restored, along with the expression of the proteins linked to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), VIM and TWIST1.
In conclusion, identifying molecular targets for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis and prognosis may be aided by the dysregulation of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, and methylation-related genes.
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Root Tissues
Identify the root tissues. Record your answer under "Slide 5" on your lab report.
Answer:
The tissue must be C as b is the cortex and a is both xylem and phloem.
Hope this helped! :)
The tissue is C because B is the cortex and A is xylem and phloem.
PLease tell me if I am wrong!
The contraction of striated muscle is initiated by the release of energy in the presence of:
a) Acetyl Choline
b) Chloride Ion
c) Calcium Ion
d) Iron
The contraction of striated muscle is initiated by the release of energy in the presence of calcium ion
What is a muscle?A muscle can be defined as soft and band of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract to produce movements of the body parts
I'm conclusion, the contraction of striated muscle is initiated by the release of energy in the presence of calcium ion
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Select all that apply.
Which of the following are part of the Protista kingdom?
protozoa
eubacteria
plants
fungi
algae
The organism that is part of the Protista kingdom is protozoa. Details about protists can be found below.
What are protists?Protists are any of the eukaryotic unicellular organisms that possess animal and plant like features.
Members of the kingdom protista include the following:
protozoansslime moldssome algaeTherefore, the organism that is part of the Protista kingdom is protozoa.
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Scientists have recently modified the bacteria that cause tooth decay by inserting a fragment of DNA into the bacteria's DNA that prevents it from producing lactic acid. What is the new DNA called?
foreign DNA
restriction DNA
recombinant DNA
transgenic DNA
Scientists have recently modified the bacteria that cause tooth decay by inserting a fragment of DNA into the bacteria's DNA that prevents it from producing lactic acid. This new DNA is called recombinant DNA.
What is recombination DNA?
Genetic recombination is the exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes. Like mutation, genetic recombination contributes to the genetic diversity of a population, which is the source of evolutionary variation.
Bacteria have two mechanisms of genetic variability: mutation and gene recombination. Gene recombination occurs by three types of mechanisms: transformation, conjugation and transduction. Transformation is the incorporation of free DNA by the bacterial cell.
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How does the fact that telomeres are long stretches of repeated nucleotides lessen the impact that somatic cells don’t have telomerase?
Telomerase activity is controlled during development and is extremely low in somatic (body) cells, virtually undetectable. These somatic cells age because they do not frequently use telomerase.
Telomeres are repetitive sections at the very ends of chromosomes that are present in a variety of eukaryotic species, including humans and unicellular protists. Each round of DNA replication wears down a little portion of the telomeres, which serve as caps to safeguard the interior chromosomal regions.Most somatic (body) cells do not typically have telomerase activity, but certain adult stem cells and germ cells—the cells that produce sperm and eggs—have.Adult germ cells, tumor cells, and fetal tissues all contain telomerase. Telomerase activity is controlled during development and is extremely low in somatic (body) cells, virtually undetectable. These somatic cells age because they do not frequently use telomerase.learn more about telomerase here: https://brainly.com/question/14213408
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The patella is a(n) _____________bone found in the ___________________. (2 points)
long; appendicular skeleton
irregular; appendicular skeleton
flat; axial skeleton
short; axial skeleton
It's not in the axial skeleton, so it has to be one of the first two answer choices! Both are technically wrong, though! The patella is NEITHER long NOR irregular. It's sesamoid! So which answer should I choose to get it marked correct in the test??? Can someone who took it help me please!
Where does the f1 subunit of atp synthase get its energy to catalyze the synthesis of atp?.
The rotation of the Fo subunit leads to rotation of the F1 subunit, which can then catalyze ATP synthesis
which can then catalyse the synthesis of ATP. Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is converted to the kinetic energy of rotation of the Fo subunit.
What is ATP synthase ?The hydrophilic F1 region of the ATP synthase is in charge of ATP hydrolysis. Invading the mitochondrial matrix space is the F1 unit.
A hexamer with six binding sites is formed by the subunits and. Three of these bind ADP while being catalytically inactive.Synthases of ATP. An enzyme that uses energy from a proton gradient or another source to catalyse the phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic phosphate to produce ATPLearn more about ATP synthase here:
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what is animal tissue ?.
Answer:
animal tissues are made up of animal cell that have been gathered together
Animal tissues may be divided into four categories: epithelium (which lines cavities and covers organs), connective (which makes ligaments and tendons), nervous (which is formed of neurons and transmits electricity), and muscular (which produces smooth and striated muscles).
In a biological sense, the tissue is simply described as an ensemble cast of comparable cells from the same origins that work together to perform a single function. Animal tissues are made up of a collection of cells. The origin, purpose, and structure of these tissues differ. The epithelial, connective, muscular, and nerve tissues are the four major tissues found in an animal's body. Let's take a quick look at each kind of animal tissue.
Types of Animal TissueEpithelial tissue
All internal and exterior organ surfaces are protected by epithelial tissue. A collection of tissues often referred to as epithelium lines every layer and organ in the body. This animal tissue is very permeable because it is crucial for the movement of chemicals between cells and supports osmoregulation. The epithelium is classified into two types: simple epithelium and complex epithelium, depending on how many layers there are. The primary roles of epithelial tissue are absorption, sensing, secretion, and protection. They serve as a barrier to prevent harm and the entry of diseases like viruses, bacteria, etc. Some epithelial cells also absorb nutrients, release chemicals like digestive juices, and stop the body from losing water.
Connective tissue
As its name implies, connective tissue serves to link or divide other bodily tissues or organs. Fibrous connective tissue, which essentially binds bones together, is strong and may be found in places like ligaments. Given that they comprise blood, adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage, connective tissues are really the most prevalent tissues in complex animals. Collagen and elastin are structural proteins that are secreted by all connective tissues, with the exception of blood. Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and specialized connective tissue are some of the several forms of connective tissues.
Muscular tissue
The three categories of this animal tissue are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. The contraction of skeletal components creates the voluntary kind known as skeletal. Involuntary smooth tissue can be seen in the blood vessel and internal organ walls. The final kind, cardiac muscle, is only present in the heart's walls and is involuntary in nature. It so happens that the body's reactions to shifting situations are under the direction of the neural or nervous tissues. The building blocks of the nervous system are neurons, or excitable cells. It is made up of specialized cells that take in inputs and carry impulses to and from various bodily areas. Processing and information transport are among its capabilities.
Approximately half of the solid waste produced in the united states is____waste, which is generally recycled into the____on the farms where it is produced.
Approximately half of the solid waste produced in the united states is agricultural or farm waste, which is generally recycled into the soil, ground, earth, or fields on the farms where it is produced.
Each American creates more than 1,700 pounds of it annually, totaling 239 million tons. China and India produce more waste, or not? Yes, they together bear responsibility for 27% of the world's rubbish.Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in 2018 totaled 292.4 million short tons (U.S. short tons, unless otherwise noted), or 4.9 pounds per person each day. About 69 million tons of the MSW produced were recycled, and 25 million tons were composted.Only 94.2 million tons of the 267.8 million tons of municipal solid trash that Americans produced in 2017 were recycled or composted, according to the EPA.learn more about solid waste here: https://brainly.com/question/19152477
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Which synapse(s) are specifically responsible for the habituation of the withdrawal response?
Answer:
Facilitating interneuron to excitatory interneuron
Sensory neuron to inhibitory interneuron
Sensory neuron to excitatory interneuron
Sensory neuron to facilitating interneuron
Sensory neuron to motor neuron
Excitatory interneuron to motor neuron
Sensory neuron to motor neuron are specifically responsible for the habituation of the withdrawal response.
The withdrawal reflex, which is the automatic withholding of a limb from a painful stimulation, is what is known as this automatic reaction.Humans are shielded by this reflex from tissue necrosis brought on by exposure to noxious stimuli like pain or heat. Either the upper or lower limbs may experience it.A somatic reflex, like the withdrawal reflex, and a visceral reflex, an autonomic reflex, differ in that the latter has an efferent branch. The lower motor neuron in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, which immediately projects to a skeletal muscle to produce its contraction, is the output of a somatic reflex.
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In a given population if the percentage of homozygous dominant genotype is 36% and the percentage of heterozygous genotype is 48%, what will be the percentage of homozygous recessive genotype
The correct answer to the given question is 16%
What is the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype?Let x be the percentage of homozygous dominant genotype= 36%
Let y be the percentage of homozygous recessive genotype= 48%
The total population present is 100%
Thus the percentage of Homozygous recessive genotype is
[tex]100 - (x+y)[/tex]
This equals to
[tex]100-(36 + 48)= 16[/tex]
Thus the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype is 16%
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A solution needs to be adjusted at ph 8.0. when you measure the ph of the initial solution the ph meter reads 9.5. what chemical will you add to bring the ph to 8.0?
If the pH is higher than desired, adjust it using a hydrochloric acid solution.
Thus, if you need the solution to read the pH as 8.0 which is lower than 9.5, add HCl solution to it.
pH stands for potential of H+ ions, i.e the amount of Hydrogen ions in a solution.
pH is measured on a scale of 0-14, 7 is the neutral point. pH range below 7 is acidic and higher than 7 is basic.
pH is calculated from the formula-
pH= -log10[H+]
We can also measure the Ph levels by a pH meter. It is used for accuracy, reproducibility and continuous measurement. The values are measured in mV and then converted to pH values.
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Which molecule is most common in the human body?
A. H2O
. B. N₂
C. H₂
D. CO2
Answer:
A. H2O
Explanation:
The most common molecule in the human body is H2O. H2O makes up about 50-70% of the body's total weight.
Remember, the meaning for H2O is a transparent, colorless, and odorless liquid.
Hope this helps!
Microtearing that occurs during which muscle action is responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
micro tearing that occurs during which muscle action is responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is an eccentric. Option A
What is DOMS?The full meaning of the abbreviation is delayed onset muscle soreness.
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) can be defined as a muscle pain that begins after much exercise.
It normally starts a day or two after a workout and is not not felt during the exercise.
The pain felt during or immediately after a workout is termed acute muscle soreness.
Any exercise that leads to the delayed onset muscle soreness is one that leads to an eccentric muscle contraction
Eccentric contraction is defined as the muscle's contraction to bear load against the earth's gravity while being lifted.
Thus, micro tearing that occurs during which muscle action is responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is an eccentric. Option A
The complete question;
Microtearing that occurs during which muscle action is responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
a. Eccentric
b. Concentric
c. Isometric
d. Isotonic
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Which process is found in both cellular respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Answer:
Electron Transport Chain
Explanation:
An electron transport chain is a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
What are the products of the electron transport chains within the light reactions?
ATP and NADPH
The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. Electron carrier molecules are arranged in electron transport chains that produce ATP and NADPH, which temporarily store chemical energy
What is Electron transport chains in Photosynthesis ?
The electron transport chain is a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation.
It occurs in mitochondria in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.The primary task of the last stage of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain, is to transfer energy from the electron carriers to even more ATP molecules, the "batteries" which power work within the cellLearn more about Electron transport chain here:
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Contests between members of the same species or even the same group are referred to as:_____.
Contests between members of the same species or even the same group are referred to as secondary succession
Secondary inheritance occurs when a climax or inter-community failure is affected. This will restart the inheritance cycle, but it will not return to the square. The soil and nutrients are still there.
Primary transitions occur in unprecedented environments or sparse habitats. Secondary inheritance occurs in previously inhabited but disturbed areas such as wildfires. The newly created volcanic island is made up of unprecedented, soilless rocks.
A typical example of secondary inheritance occurs in oak and hickory forests logged by wildfires. Wildfires burn most vegetation and kill animals that cannot escape the area. But those nutrients are returned to the soil in the form of As
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The cafeteria served green beans for lunch starting at 11 a.m. By 1 p.m., the remaining green beans have become overcooked and mushy. What pigment is found in the green beans at 1 p.m.
Answer:
chlorophyllin
Explanation:
The green pigment found in green beans is known as chlorophyll. This green pigment turns to bright green in alkaline environments and is known as chlorophyllin
Meiosis is the process by which: Group of answer choices gametes are produced growth and replacement of cells occur in multicellular animals single cell organisms reproduce all of these
Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced.
What is meiosis?Meiosis is a cell division in which the parent cell divides to produce four daughter cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes.It is also known as reductional division.It is crucial for reproduction because meiosis is the sole way for germ cells to form sperm or eggs.In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis ensures the generation of the haploid phase, whereas fertilization restores the diploid phase.Meiosis is a process that occurs during gametogenesis in both plants and animals which results in the production of haploid gametes.To learn more about meiosis,
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Monarch butterfly caterpillars are completely dependent upon milkweed as a food source between the larval stage and when they pupate (in a chrysalis) and emerge as butterflies. This relationship can be referred to as:
Monarch butterfly caterpillars are completely dependent upon milkweed as a food source between the larval stage and when they pupate (in a chrysalis) and emerge as butterflies. This relationship can be referred to as obligate mutualism.
The concept of mutualism can be understood as a partnership between two different species that is beneficial to both organisms involved. This connection may exist either between members of the same species or between members of two different species. Symbionts is the term given to the species that have this type of connection. All living organisms, including humans, animals, birds, plants, and even microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, are capable of forming mutually beneficial relationships with one another.
In the case of obligate mutualism, the two species are entirely dependent on one another. The monarch butterfly caterpillars and milkweed have an obligate mutualistic relationship because the butterflies depend entirely on the nectar from the milkweed, the milkweed provides a place for the next generation of monarch caterpillars to survive, and the milkweed requires the monarch butterfly for pollination and thereby increasing its dispersal.
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Name an inflammatory skin disease caused by a specific virus characterized by small blisters in clusters.
Dermatitis herpetiformis is the answer.
Dermatitis herpetiformis, also known as During's disease, is characterized by red clusters of highly itchy (itchy) blisters. The elbows, knees, scalp, and buttocks are most commonly affected. The mucosa is rarely involved.
Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a chronic, severe itchy vesicular skin condition of gluten-sensitive enteropathy commonly known as celiac disease. DH is a skin rash that affects about 10% of people with celiac disease.
Dermatitis herpetiformis looks like a collection of itchy ridges that can easily be mistaken for acne or eczema. Blisters can also form and can be misdiagnosed as herpes.
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respirations are documented as 14, reg, normal. Reg is referring to what aspect of her respirations
Respirations rate is 12-18 breaths per minute.
RespirationsA person's breathing and the entry and exit of air from the lungs are referred to as respiration. The respiratory system eliminates waste products like carbon dioxide and serves to keep the acid-base balance in the body by supplying oxygen to bodily tissues for cellular respiration. Expiration, on the other hand, is the process through which air leaves the lungs. Inspiration causes air to enter the lungs. When measuring respiratory rate, a respiratory cycle is referred to as one breath or one inspiration followed by one exhalation. Rate, rhythm, and quality of respiration are all evaluated. An individual usually breathes quietly and with ease.
respirations are documented as 14, reg, normal. Reg is referring to what aspect of her respirations
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Which stage of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) would a client with a CD4 T cell count of 325 cells/mm3 be classified
Based on the CDC guidelines a person with a CD4+ cell count between 200-400 is regarded as being in the second stage of the HIV infection.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a condition caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). AIDS is a chronic disorder and can become life-threatening for the infected person. The HIV viruses reproduce inside the host and while doing so they destroy the CD4+ immune cells which reduce the person's ability to fight against other diseases.
CD4+ cell count and AIDS
According to the CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), HIV infection is categorized into different stages based on the number of CD4+ cells.
Stage 1: - CD4+ cell count is more than 500 per microlitre. There are no symptoms or AIDS-related conditions. Stage 2: - CD4+ cell count is more than 500 per microlitre. There are no symptoms or AIDS-related conditions.Stage 3: - The CD4+ cell count falls below 200 and AIDS-related symptoms and conditions are present.Learn more about HIV infection here:
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five factors affecting self pollination and cross pollination. Give five for each, pls help me ASAP
The cytoplasmic membranes of ________ contain unbranched phospholipids and proteins.
The cytoplasmic membranes of both bacteria and eukaryotic cell contain unbranched phospholipids and proteins. A cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that encloses and protects the cytoplasm in practically all cells. In addition to lipids, proteins also make up biological membranes; the presence of these proteins distinguishes one membrane from another.
Phospholipids are restricted to the inner leaflet of the bacterial membrane and are not present in the outer membrane. Lipopolysaccharide makes up the majority of the glycolipids in the outer leaflet of the OM (LPS).
The plasma membrane is the double layer of lipids that divides the inside of the cell from the external environment and is present in eukaryotic cells. Phospholipids, a specialised lipid type, make up most of this double layer, where two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head make up a phospholipid.
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A population of 20,000 individuals is surveyed and found to be composed of 9,800 individuals with blond hair and 10,200 with brown hair. The allele for blond hair "b" is recessive to the allele for brown hair "B". Assuming Hardy-Weinberg conditions, the frequency of the Bb genotype in the population is:
A population of 20,000 individuals is surveyed and found to be composed of 9,800 individuals with blond hair and 10,200 with brown hair. The allele for blond hair "b" is recessive to the allele for brown hair "B". Assuming Hardy-Weinberg conditions, the frequency of the Bb genotype in the population is 42%.
What is Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?Hardy Weinberg law states that,
“In a large, random-mating population, the genotype and allele frequencies remain constant in the absence of any evolutionary influences from one to another generation. Influences are inclusive of a choice of mate, natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, sexual selection, gene flow, genetic hitchhiking, founder effect, meiotic drive, population bottleneck, inbreeding and assortative mating.”
Application of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium provides a mathematical criterion of a population that is non-evolving which can be compared to evolving populations. The law offers a prototype which is typically used as a point of origination to study the population genetics of diploid entities, which fulfil the fundamental assumption of random mating, large population, no mutation, migration or selection.Allele frequencies can be detected in the presence of complete dominance when Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium prevails wherein it is not possible to differentiate between two genotypes.To learn more about Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,
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Hyperventilation can result in _______. Hyperventilation can result in _______. too much carbon dioxide in the blood respiratory acidosis too much oxygen in the blood too little carbon dioxide in the blood
Hyperventilation can result in too little carbon dioxide in the blood and is denoted as option D.
What is Hyperventilation?This is the process which involves an individual breathing quickly thereby resulting in more exhalation than inhalation.
This leads to the presence of too little carbon dioxide in the blood and results in respiratory alkalosis.
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